Pass by pointer & Pass by reference

Question

Possible Duplicate:
What are the differences between pointer variable and reference variable in C++?
Are there benefits of passing by pointer over passing by reference in C++?

In both cases, I achieved the result. So when is one preferred over the other? What are the reasons we use one over the other?

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int* x, int* y)
{
    int z = *x;
    *x=*y;
    *y=z;
}
void swap(int& x, int& y)
{
    int z = x;
    x=y;
    y=z;
}

int main()
{
    int a = 45;
    int b = 35;
    cout<<"Before Swap\n";
    cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";

    swap(&a,&b);
    cout<<"After Swap with pass by pointer\n";
    cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";

    swap(a,b);
    cout<<"After Swap with pass by reference\n";
    cout<<"a="<<a<<" b="<<b<<"\n";
}

Output

Before Swap
a=45 b=35
After Swap with pass by pointer
a=35 b=45

After Swap with pass by reference
a=45 b=35

Answer 1

A reference is semantically the following:

T& <=> *(T * const)

const T& <=> *(T const * const)

T&& <=> [no C equivalent] (C++11)

As with other answers, the following from the C++ FAQ is the one-line answer: references when possible, pointers when needed.

An advantage over pointers is that you need explicit casting in order to pass NULL. It's still possible, though. Of the compilers I've tested, none emit a warning for the following:

int* p() {
    return 0;
}
void x(int& y) {
  y = 1;
}
int main() {
   x(*p());
}