What are the differences between a pointer variable and a reference variable in C++?

Question

I know references are syntactic sugar, so code is easier to read and write.

But what are the differences?

Answer 1

1. A pointer can be re-assigned:

   int x = 5;
   int y = 6;
   int *p;
   p = &x;
   p = &y;
   *p = 10;
   assert(x == 5);
   assert(y == 10);
   

   A reference cannot, and must be assigned at initialization:

   int x = 5;
   int y = 6;
   int &r = x;
   

2. A pointer has its own memory address and size on the stack (4 bytes on x86), whereas a reference shares the same memory address (with the original variable) but also takes up some space on the stack. Since a reference has the same address as the original variable itself, it is safe to think of a reference as another name for the same variable. Note: What a pointer points to can be on the stack or heap. Ditto a reference. My claim in this statement is not that a pointer must point to the stack. A pointer is just a variable that holds a memory address. This variable is on the stack. Since a reference has its own space on the stack, and since the address is the same as the variable it references. More on stack vs heap. This implies that there is a real address of a reference that the compiler will not tell you.

   int x = 0;
   int &r = x;
   int *p = &x;
   int *p2 = &r;
   assert(p == p2);
   

3. You can have pointers to pointers to pointers offering extra levels of indirection. Whereas references only offer one level of indirection.

   int x = 0;
   int y = 0;
   int *p = &x;
   int *q = &y;
   int **pp = &p;
   pp = &q;//*pp = q
   **pp = 4;
   assert(y == 4);
   assert(x == 0);
   

4. A pointer can be assigned nullptr directly, whereas reference cannot. If you try hard enough, and you know how, you can make the address of a reference nullptr. Likewise, if you try hard enough, you can have a reference to a pointer, and then that reference can contain nullptr.

   int *p = nullptr;
   int &r = nullptr; <--- compiling error
   int &r = *p;  <--- likely no compiling error, especially if the nullptr is hidden behind a function call, yet it refers to a non-existent int at address 0
   

5. Pointers can iterate over an array; you can use ++ to go to the next item that a pointer is pointing to, and + 4 to go to the 5th element. This is no matter what size the object is that the pointer points to.

6. A pointer needs to be dereferenced with * to access the memory location it points to, whereas a reference can be used directly. A pointer to a class/struct uses -> to access it's members whereas a reference uses a ..

7. References cannot be stuffed into an array, whereas pointers can be (Mentioned by user @litb)

8. Const references can be bound to temporaries. Pointers cannot (not without some indirection):

   const int &x = int(12); //legal C++
   int *y = &int(12); //illegal to dereference a temporary.
   

   This makes const& safer for use in argument lists and so forth.