What's the correct or most popular name for an "association table"?
I've heard lookup, associative, resolving, mapping and junction table.
There is no "correct" name, but the academic name would be an "Associative Table" (see See the Wikipedia article Associative Entity). Other common names are (in alphabetical order):
Note: This is contents original created by Derek Greer but that was posted as an edit to an accepted answer that totally changed the answer.