I ran the following code :
from collections import defaultdict
lst = list(range(0,5))
d = defaultdict(lst)
and I got this error :
TypeError: first argument must be callable or None
Please help
For a defaultdict
the default value is usually not really a value, it a factory: a method that generates a new value. You can solve this issue by using a lambda expression that generates a list:
lst = lambda:list(range(0,5))
d = defaultdict(lst)
This is also a good idea here, since otherwise all default values would reference the same list. For instance here:
d[1].append(14)
will not have impact on d[2]
(given both d[1]
and d[2]
did not exist).
You can however achieve this with:
val = list(range(0,5))
lst = lambda:val
d = defaultdict(lst)
But this can have unwanted side effects: if you here perform d[1].append(14)
then d[2]
will be [1,2,3,4,5,14]
and d[1] is d[2]
will be True
:
$ python3
Python 3.5.2 (default, Nov 17 2016, 17:05:23)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> val = list(range(0,5))
>>> lst = lambda:val
>>> d = defaultdict(lst)
>>> d[1]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> d[1].append(14)
>>> d[2]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 14]
>>> d[1] is d[2]
True
whereas:
$ python3
Python 3.5.2 (default, Nov 17 2016, 17:05:23)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> lst = lambda:list(range(0,5))
>>> d = defaultdict(lst)
>>> d[1]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> d[1].append(14)
>>> d[2]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> d[1] is d[2]
False