FLOPS per cycle for sandy-bridge and haswell SSE2/AVX/AVX2

cpu intel cpu-architecture avx flops

user2088790 · Mar 27, 2013 · Viewed 61.6k times · Source

I'm confused on how many flops per cycle per core can be done with Sandy-Bridge and Haswell. As I understand it with SSE it should be 4 flops per cycle per core for SSE and 8 flops per cycle per core for AVX/AVX2.

This seems to be verified here, How do I achieve the theoretical maximum of 4 FLOPs per cycle? ,and here, Sandy-Bridge CPU specification.

However the link below seems to indicate that Sandy-bridge can do 16 flops per cycle per core and Haswell 32 flops per cycle per core http://www.extremetech.com/computing/136219-intels-haswell-is-an-unprecedented-threat-to-nvidia-amd.

Can someone explain this to me?

Edit: I understand now why I was confused. I thought the term FLOP only referred to single floating point (SP). I see now that the test at How do I achieve the theoretical maximum of 4 FLOPs per cycle? are actually on double floating point (DP) so they achieve 4 DP FLOPs/cycle for SSE and 8 DP FLOPs/cycle for AVX. It would be interesting to redo these test on SP.

Answer

Here are theoretical max FLOPs counts (per core) for a number of recent processor microarchitectures and explanation how to achieve them.

In general, to calculate this look up the throughput of the FMA instruction(s) e.g. on https://agner.org/optimize/ or any other microbenchmark result, and multiply
(FMAs per clock) * (vector elements / instruction) * 2 (FLOPs / FMA).
Note that achieving this in real code requires very careful tuning (like loop unrolling), and near-zero cache misses, and no bottlenecks on anything else. Modern CPUs have such high FMA throughput that there isn't much room for other instructions to store the results, or to feed them with input. e.g. 2 SIMD loads per clock is also the limit for most x86 CPUs, so a dot product will bottleneck on 2 loads per 1 FMA. A carefully-tuned dense matrix multiply can come close to achieving these numbers, though.

If your workload includes any ADD/SUB or MUL that can't be contracted into FMAs, the theoretical max numbers aren't an appropriate goal for your workload. Haswell/Broadwell have 2-per-clock SIMD FP multiply (on the FMA units), but only 1 per clock SIMD FP add (on a separate vector FP add unit with lower latency). Skylake dropped the separate SIMD FP adder, running add/mul/fma the same at 4c latency, 2-per-clock throughput, for any vector width.

Intel

Note that Celeron/Pentium versions of recent microarchitectures don't support AVX or FMA instructions, only SSE4.2.

Intel Core 2 and Nehalem (SSE/SSE2):

4 DP FLOPs/cycle: 2-wide SSE2 addition + 2-wide SSE2 multiplication
8 SP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide SSE addition + 4-wide SSE multiplication

Intel Sandy Bridge/Ivy Bridge (AVX1):

8 DP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide AVX addition + 4-wide AVX multiplication
16 SP FLOPs/cycle: 8-wide AVX addition + 8-wide AVX multiplication

Intel Haswell/Broadwell/Skylake/Kaby Lake/Coffee/... (AVX+FMA3):

16 DP FLOPs/cycle: two 4-wide FMA (fused multiply-add) instructions
32 SP FLOPs/cycle: two 8-wide FMA (fused multiply-add) instructions
(Using 256-bit vector instructions can reduce max turbo clock speed on some CPUs.)

Intel Skylake-X/Skylake-EP/Cascade Lake/etc (AVX512F) with 1 FMA units: some Xeon Bronze/Silver

16 DP FLOPs/cycle: one 8-wide FMA (fused multiply-add) instruction
32 SP FLOPs/cycle: one 16-wide FMA (fused multiply-add) instruction
Same computation throughput as with narrower 256-bit instructions, but speedups can still be possible with AVX512 for wider loads/stores, a few vector operations that don't run on the FMA units like bitwise operations, and wider shuffles.
(Having 512-bit vector instructions in flight shuts down the vector ALU on port 1. Also reduces the max turbo clock speed, so "cycles" isn't a constant in your performance calculations.)

Intel Skylake-X/Skylake-EP/Cascade Lake/etc (AVX512F) with 2 FMA units: Xeon Gold/Platinum, and i7/i9 high-end desktop (HEDT) chips.

32 DP FLOPs/cycle: two 8-wide FMA (fused multiply-add) instructions
64 SP FLOPs/cycle: two 16-wide FMA (fused multiply-add) instructions
(Having 512-bit vector instructions in flight shuts down the vector ALU on port 1. Also reduces the max turbo clock speed.)

Future: Intel Cooper Lake (successor to Cascade Lake) is expected to introduce Brain Float, a float16 format for neural-network workloads, with support for actual SIMD computation on it, unlike the current F16C extension that only has support for load/store with conversion to float32. This should double the FLOP/cycle throughput vs. single-precision on the same hardware.

Current Intel chips only have actual computation directly on standard float16 in the iGPU.

AMD

AMD K10:

4 DP FLOPs/cycle: 2-wide SSE2 addition + 2-wide SSE2 multiplication
8 SP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide SSE addition + 4-wide SSE multiplication

AMD Bulldozer/Piledriver/Steamroller/Excavator, per module (two cores):

8 DP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide FMA
16 SP FLOPs/cycle: 8-wide FMA

AMD Ryzen

8 DP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide FMA
16 SP FLOPs/cycle: 8-wide FMA

x86 low power

Intel Atom (Bonnell/45nm, Saltwell/32nm, Silvermont/22nm):

1.5 DP FLOPs/cycle: scalar SSE2 addition + scalar SSE2 multiplication every other cycle
6 SP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide SSE addition + 4-wide SSE multiplication every other cycle

AMD Bobcat:

1.5 DP FLOPs/cycle: scalar SSE2 addition + scalar SSE2 multiplication every other cycle
4 SP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide SSE addition every other cycle + 4-wide SSE multiplication every other cycle

AMD Jaguar:

3 DP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide AVX addition every other cycle + 4-wide AVX multiplication in four cycles
8 SP FLOPs/cycle: 8-wide AVX addition every other cycle + 8-wide AVX multiplication every other cycle

ARM

ARM Cortex-A9:

1.5 DP FLOPs/cycle: scalar addition + scalar multiplication every other cycle
4 SP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide NEON addition every other cycle + 4-wide NEON multiplication every other cycle

ARM Cortex-A15:

2 DP FLOPs/cycle: scalar FMA or scalar multiply-add
8 SP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide NEONv2 FMA or 4-wide NEON multiply-add

Qualcomm Krait:

2 DP FLOPs/cycle: scalar FMA or scalar multiply-add
8 SP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide NEONv2 FMA or 4-wide NEON multiply-add

IBM POWER

IBM PowerPC A2 (Blue Gene/Q), per core:

8 DP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide QPX FMA every cycle
SP elements are extended to DP and processed on the same units

IBM PowerPC A2 (Blue Gene/Q), per thread:

4 DP FLOPs/cycle: 4-wide QPX FMA every other cycle
SP elements are extended to DP and processed on the same units

Intel MIC / Xeon Phi

Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Corner), per core:

16 DP FLOPs/cycle: 8-wide FMA every cycle
32 SP FLOPs/cycle: 16-wide FMA every cycle

Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Corner), per thread:

8 DP FLOPs/cycle: 8-wide FMA every other cycle
16 SP FLOPs/cycle: 16-wide FMA every other cycle

Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Landing), per core:

32 DP FLOPs/cycle: two 8-wide FMA every cycle
64 SP FLOPs/cycle: two 16-wide FMA every cycle

The reason why there are per-thread and per-core datum for IBM Blue Gene/Q and Intel Xeon Phi (Knights Corner) is that these cores have a higher instruction issue rate when running more than one thread per core.