How to define sealed class in C++?

Question

How to stop the class to be inherited by other class.

Answer 1

C++11 solution

In C++11, you can seal a class by using final keyword in the definition as:

class A final  //note final keyword is used after the class name
{
   //...
};

class B : public A  //error - because class A is marked final (sealed).
{                   //        so A cannot be derived from.
   //...
};

To know the other uses of final, see my answer here:

• What is the purpose of the "final" keyword in C++11 for functions?

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C++03 solution

Bjarne Stroustrup's code : Can I stop people deriving from my class?

class Usable;
class Usable_lock {
    friend class Usable;
private:
    Usable_lock() {}
    Usable_lock(const Usable_lock&) {}
};

class Usable : public virtual Usable_lock {
public:
    Usable();
    Usable(char*);
};
Usable a;

class DD : public Usable { };

DD dd;  // error: DD::DD() cannot access
        // Usable_lock::Usable_lock(): private  member

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Generic_lock

So we can make use of template to make the Usable_lock generic enough to seal any class:

template<class T>
class  Generic_lock 
{
    friend T;
    Generic_lock() {}                     //private
    Generic_lock(const Generic_lock&) {}  //private
};

class Usable : public virtual Generic_lock<Usable>
{
public:
    Usable() {}
};

Usable a; //Okay
class DD : public Usable { };

DD dd; //Not okay!