In Xcode 10, the toolbar had an inter-locking ring icon which showed the assistant editor, it's missing in Xcode 11.
The interface has changed a little, but the functionality is still there. The top right corner of the editor pane has two buttons:
Clicking the left button, which looks like lines of text, displays the popup menu, where you can choose various editor configuration options. Clicking the right button just narrows the existing editor and adds another one next to it.
Some of the same options are also available in the Editor menu in the main menu bar.
Update: This is from the Xcode 11 beta release notes, and perhaps more fully explains why the UI was changed:
Editors can be added to any window without needing the Assistant Editor. Editors are added using the “Add Editor” button in the jump bar or the File > New > Editor command. Each editor can now be in one of three modes: “Editor Only”, “Editor and Assistant” or “Editor and Canvas”. The latter two modes automatically show relevant content when available. When using multiple editors, the View > Editor > Focus command can be used to temporarily expand the active editor to fill the entire window, hiding other editors. For source control support, the Code Review button in the Toolbar replaces the Comparison Editor. The “Show Authors” command is now available from the Source Editor’s Editor menu. The SCM Log is now in the Inspector Area. (43806898)
With multiple editors possible in a window, you need editor-specific controls for showing the ancillary views like the assistant editor, author view, etc.
From SMGreenfield's comment:
Sometimes I want to look at a different part of the same darn document. There has always been a way to do this, but it involved jumping through hoops.
Just add another editor: click the Add Editor button in the upper right corner of the editor, or choose File > New > Editor. The new editor will default to showing the same file you were working on in the existing editor.
If new editors show up on the right of the existing editor and you'd prefer them to stack vertically, you can choose View > Change Editor Orientation. If you want them to stack horizontally most of the time (the default) but just want one to show up below, choose File > New > Editor Below.