I'm trying to understand the structure of a URL, and I'm seeing a lot of %2C. I'm guessing this is a result of some encoding. What does that stand for?
Answer
Check out http://www.asciitable.com/
Look at the Hx, (Hex) column; 2C maps to ,
Any unusual encoding can be checked this way
+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
| Hx | Chr | Hx | Chr | Hx | Chr | Hx | Chr |
+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
| 00 | NUL | 20 | SPC | 40 | @ | 60 | ` |
| 01 | SOH | 21 | ! | 41 | A | 61 | a |
| 02 | STX | 22 | " | 42 | B | 62 | b |
| 03 | ETX | 23 | # | 43 | C | 63 | c |
| 04 | EOT | 24 | $ | 44 | D | 64 | d |
| 05 | ENQ | 25 | % | 45 | E | 65 | e |
| 06 | ACK | 26 | & | 46 | F | 66 | f |
| 07 | BEL | 27 | ' | 47 | G | 67 | g |
| 08 | BS | 28 | ( | 48 | H | 68 | h |
| 09 | TAB | 29 | ) | 49 | I | 69 | i |
| 0A | LF | 2A | * | 4A | J | 6A | j |
| 0B | VT | 2B | + | 4B | K | 6B | k |
| 0C | FF | 2C | , | 4C | L | 6C | l |
| 0D | CR | 2D | - | 4D | M | 6D | m |
| 0E | SO | 2E | . | 4E | N | 6E | n |
| 0F | SI | 2F | / | 4F | O | 6F | o |
| 10 | DLE | 30 | 0 | 50 | P | 70 | p |
| 11 | DC1 | 31 | 1 | 51 | Q | 71 | q |
| 12 | DC2 | 32 | 2 | 52 | R | 72 | r |
| 13 | DC3 | 33 | 3 | 53 | S | 73 | s |
| 14 | DC4 | 34 | 4 | 54 | T | 74 | t |
| 15 | NAK | 35 | 5 | 55 | U | 75 | u |
| 16 | SYN | 36 | 6 | 56 | V | 76 | v |
| 17 | ETB | 37 | 7 | 57 | W | 77 | w |
| 18 | CAN | 38 | 8 | 58 | X | 78 | x |
| 19 | EM | 39 | 9 | 59 | Y | 79 | y |
| 1A | SUB | 3A | : | 5A | Z | 7A | z |
| 1B | ESC | 3B | ; | 5B | [ | 7B | { |
| 1C | FS | 3C | < | 5C | \ | 7C | | |
| 1D | GS | 3D | = | 5D | ] | 7D | } |
| 1E | RS | 3E | > | 5E | ^ | 7E | ~ |
| 1F | US | 3F | ? | 5F | _ | 7F | DEL |
+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+