I installed psql and phpPgAdmin to my Ubuntu11.10 and don't know how to run it. What is the default username and password?
There is no default username and password without you creating one. The simplest possible setup is to follow these steps to set up your own user as a superuser.
At a terminal prompt, create a postgres user with your own username
sudo -u postgres createuser --superuser $USER
Start the postgresql command prompt as your username but running as root since you didn't set a password yet;
sudo -u postgres psql
At the postgresql prompt, set your password;
\password $USER
After that, you should be able to log on just fine.
The setup is more thoroughly documented here.
EDIT:
If you get stuck not being able to authenticate automatically as the postgres
user, you may want to compare your /etc/postgresql/9.1/main/pg_hba.conf
(ie authentication config file) with the following lines from mine that works; you can get the uncommented ones using
grep -v ^# pg_hba.conf
The "local" lines should be the essential ones in this case since you can't authenticate even from the same machine;
local all postgres peer
local all all peer
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5
host all all ::1/128 md5