What does the SQL Standard say about usage of backtick(`)?

Question

Once I had spent hours in debugging a simple SQL query using mysql_query() in PHP/MySQL only to realise that I had missed bactick around the table name. From then I had been always using it around table names.

But when I used the same in SQLite/C++, the symbol is not even recognized. It's confusing, whether to use this or not? What does standard say about usage of it?

Also, it would be helpful if anyone could tell me when to use quotes and when not. I mean around values and field names.

Answer 1

The SQL standard (current version is ISO/IEC 9075:2011, in multiple parts) says nothing about the 'back-tick' or 'back-quote' symbol (Unicode U+0060 or GRAVE ACCENT); it doesn't recognize it as a character with special meaning that can appear in SQL.

The Standard SQL mechanism for quoting identifiers is with delimited identifiers enclosed in double quotes:

SELECT "select" FROM "from" WHERE "where" = "group by";

In MySQL, that might be written:

SELECT `select` FROM `from` WHERE `where` = `group by`;

In MS SQL Server, that might be written:

SELECT [select] FROM [from] WHERE [where] = [group by];

The trouble with the SQL Standard notation is that C programmers are used to enclosing strings in double quotes, so most DBMS use double quotes as an alternative to the single quotes recognized by the standard. But that then leaves you with a problem when you want to enclose identifiers.

Microsoft took one approach; MySQL took another; Informix allows interchangeable use of single and double quotes, but if you want delimited identifiers, you set an environment variable and then you have to follow the standard (single quotes for strings, double quotes for identifiers); DB2 only follows the standard, AFAIK; SQLite appears to follow the standard; Oracle also appears to follow the standard; Sybase appears to allow either double quotes (standard) or square brackets (as with MS SQL Server — which means SQL Server might allow double quotes too). This page (link AWOL since 2013 — now available in The Wayback Machine) documents documented all these servers (and was helpful filling out the gaps in my knowledge) and notes whether the strings inside delimited identifiers are case-sensitive or not.

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As to when to use a quoting mechanism around identifiers, my attitude is 'never'. Well, not quite never, but only when absolutely forced into doing so.

Note that delimited identifiers are case-sensitive; that is, "from" and "FROM" refer to different columns (in most DBMS — see URL above). Most of SQL is not case-sensitive; it is a nuisance to know which case to use. (The SQL Standard has a mainframe orientation — it expects names to be converted to upper-case; most DBMS convert names to lower-case, though.)

In general, you must delimit identifiers which are keywords to the version of SQL you are using. That means most of the keywords in Standard SQL, plus any extras that are part of the particular implementation(s) that you are using.

One continuing source of trouble is when you upgrade the server, where a column name that was not a keyword in release N becomes a keyword in release N+1. Existing SQL that worked before the upgrade stops working afterwards. Then, at least as a short-term measure, you may be forced into quoting the name. But in the ordinary course of events, you should aim to avoid needing to quote identifiers.

Of course, my attitude is coloured by the fact that Informix (which is what I work with mostly) accepts this SQL verbatim, whereas most DBMS would choke on it:

CREATE TABLE TABLE
(
    DATE    INTEGER NOT NULL,
    NULL    FLOAT   NOT NULL,
    FLOAT   INTEGER NOT NULL,
    NOT     DATE    NOT NULL,
    INTEGER FLOAT   NOT NULL
);

Of course, the person who produces such a ridiculous table for anything other than demonstration purposes should be hung, drawn, quartered and then the residue should be made to fix the mess they've created. But, within some limits which customers routinely manage to hit, keywords can be used as identifiers in many contexts. That is, of itself, a useful form of future-proofing. If a word becomes a keyword, there's a moderate chance that the existing code will continue to work unaffected by the change. However, the mechanism is not perfect; you can't create a table with a column called PRIMARY, but you can alter a table to add such a column. There is a reason for the idiosyncrasy, but it is hard to explain.