You can do this via themes:
mytheme <- gridExtra::ttheme_default(
core = list(fg_params=list(cex = 2.0)),
colhead = list(fg_params=list(cex = 1.0)),
rowhead = list(fg_params=list(cex = 1.0)))
myt <- gridExtra::tableGrob(mtcars[1:5, 1:5], theme = mytheme)
grid.draw(myt)
There are a number of other examples in browseVignettes("gridExtra")
-- look at the tableGrob
examples. A great deal of control is possible.