R-Project no applicable method for 'meta' applied to an object of class "character"

Question

I am trying to run this code (Ubuntu 12.04, R 3.1.1)

# Load requisite packages
library(tm)
library(ggplot2)
library(lsa)

# Place Enron email snippets into a single vector.
text <- c(
  "To Mr. Ken Lay, I’m writing to urge you to donate the millions of dollars you made from selling Enron stock before the company declared bankruptcy.",
  "while you netted well over a $100 million, many of Enron's employees were financially devastated when the company declared bankruptcy and their retirement plans were wiped out",
  "you sold $101 million worth of Enron stock while aggressively urging the company’s employees to keep buying it",
  "This is a reminder of Enron’s Email retention policy. The Email retention policy provides as follows . . .",
  "Furthermore, it is against policy to store Email outside of your Outlook Mailbox and/or your Public Folders. Please do not copy Email onto floppy disks, zip disks, CDs or the network.",
  "Based on our receipt of various subpoenas, we will be preserving your past and future email. Please be prudent in the circulation of email relating to your work and activities.",
  "We have recognized over $550 million of fair value gains on stocks via our swaps with Raptor.",
  "The Raptor accounting treatment looks questionable. a. Enron booked a $500 million gain from equity derivatives from a related party.",
  "In the third quarter we have a $250 million problem with Raptor 3 if we don’t “enhance” the capital structure of Raptor 3 to commit more ENE shares.")
view <- factor(rep(c("view 1", "view 2", "view 3"), each = 3))
df <- data.frame(text, view, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

# Prepare mini-Enron corpus
corpus <- Corpus(VectorSource(df$text))
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, tolower)
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, removePunctuation)
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, function(x) removeWords(x, stopwords("english")))
corpus <- tm_map(corpus, stemDocument, language = "english")
corpus # check corpus

# Mini-Enron corpus with 9 text documents

# Compute a term-document matrix that contains occurrance of terms in each email
# Compute distance between pairs of documents and scale the multidimentional semantic space (MDS) onto two dimensions
td.mat <- as.matrix(TermDocumentMatrix(corpus))
dist.mat <- dist(t(as.matrix(td.mat)))
dist.mat  # check distance matrix

# Compute distance between pairs of documents and scale the multidimentional semantic space onto two dimensions
fit <- cmdscale(dist.mat, eig = TRUE, k = 2)
points <- data.frame(x = fit$points[, 1], y = fit$points[, 2])
ggplot(points, aes(x = x, y = y)) + geom_point(data = points, aes(x = x, y = y, color = df$view)) + geom_text(data = points, aes(x = x, y = y - 0.2, label = row.names(df)))

However, when I run it I get this error (in the td.mat <- as.matrix(TermDocumentMatrix(corpus)) line):

Error in UseMethod("meta", x) : 
  no applicable method for 'meta' applied to an object of class "character"
In addition: Warning message:
In mclapply(unname(content(x)), termFreq, control) :
  all scheduled cores encountered errors in user code

I am not sure what to look at - all modules loaded.

Answer 1

The latest version of tm (0.60) made it so you can't use functions with tm_map that operate on simple character values any more. So the problem is your tolower step since that isn't a "canonical" transformation (See getTransformations()). Just replace it with

corpus <- tm_map(corpus, content_transformer(tolower))

The content_transformer function wrapper will convert everything to the correct data type within the corpus. You can use content_transformer with any function that is intended to manipulate character vectors so that it will work in a tm_map pipeline.