What is the purpose of the single underscore "_" variable in Python?

Question

What is the meaning of _ after for in this code?

if tbh.bag:
   n = 0
   for _ in tbh.bag.atom_set():
      n += 1

Answer 1

_ has 3 main conventional uses in Python:

1. To hold the result of the last executed expression(/statement) in an interactive interpreter session (see docs). This precedent was set by the standard CPython interpreter, and other interpreters have followed suit

2. For translation lookup in i18n (see the gettext documentation for example), as in code like

   raise forms.ValidationError(_("Please enter a correct username"))
   

3. As a general purpose "throwaway" variable name:

   1. To indicate that part of a function result is being deliberately ignored (Conceptually, it is being discarded.), as in code like:

      label, has_label, _ = text.partition(':')
      

   2. As part of a function definition (using either def or lambda), where the signature is fixed (e.g. by a callback or parent class API), but this particular function implementation doesn't need all of the parameters, as in code like:

      callback = lambda _: True
      

      [For a long time this answer didn't list this use case, but it came up often enough, as noted here, to be worth listing explicitly.]

   This use case can conflict with the translation lookup use case, so it is necessary to avoid using _ as a throwaway variable in any code block that also uses it for i18n translation (many folks prefer a double-underscore, __, as their throwaway variable for exactly this reason).

   Linters often recognize this use case. For example year, month, day = date() will raise a lint warning if day is not used later in the code. The fix, if day is truly not needed, is to write year, month, _ = date(). Same with lambda functions, lambda arg: 1.0 creates a function requiring one argument but not using it, which will be caught by lint. The fix is to write lambda _: 1.0. An unused variable is often hiding a bug/typo (e.g. set day but use dya in the next line).