Python3 and hmac . How to handle string not being binary

Question

I had a script in Python2 that was working great.

def _generate_signature(data):
   return hmac.new('key', data, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()

Where data was the output of json.dumps.

Now, if I try to run the same kind of code in Python 3, I get the following:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/hmac.py", line 144, in new
    return HMAC(key, msg, digestmod)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.4/hmac.py", line 42, in __init__
    raise TypeError("key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got %r" %type(key).__name__)
TypeError: key: expected bytes or bytearray, but got 'str'

If I try something like transforming the key to bytes like so:

bytes('key')

I get

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: string argument without an encoding

I'm still struggling to understand the encodings in Python 3.

Answer 1

You can use bytes literal: b'key'

def _generate_signature(data):
    return hmac.new(b'key', data, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()

In addition to that, make sure data is also bytes. For example, if it is read from file, you need to use binary mode (rb) when opening the file.