In Sublime, we have an easy and convent way to run Python or almost any language for that matter using ⌘ + b (or ctrl + b)
Where the code will run in a small window below the source code and can easily be closed with the escape key when no longer needed.
Is there a way to replicate this functionally with Github's atom editor?
The script package does exactly what you're looking for: https://atom.io/packages/script
The package's documentation also contains the key mappings, which you can easily customize.