Non Brute Force Solution to Project Euler 25

slinky773 picture slinky773 · Dec 27, 2013 · Viewed 7.9k times · Source

Project Euler problem 25:

The Fibonacci sequence is defined by the recurrence relation:

Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2, where F1 = 1 and F2 = 1. Hence the first 12 terms will be F1 = 1, F2 = 1, F3 = 2, F4 = 3, F5 = 5, F6 = 8, F7 = 13, F8 = 21, F9 = 34, F10 = 55, F11 = 89, F12 = 144

The 12th term, F12, is the first term to contain three digits.

What is the first term in the Fibonacci sequence to contain 1000 digits?

I made a brute force solution in Python, but it takes absolutely forever to calculate the actual solution. Can anyone suggest a non brute force solution?

def Fibonacci(NthTerm):
    if NthTerm == 1 or NthTerm == 2:
        return 1 # Challenge defines 1st and 2nd term as == 1
    else:  # recursive definition of Fib term
        return Fibonacci(NthTerm-1) + Fibonacci(NthTerm-2)

FirstTerm = 0 # For scope to include Term in scope of print on line 13
for Term in range(1, 1000): # Arbitrary range
    FibValue = str(Fibonacci(Term)) # Convert integer to string for len()
    if len(FibValue) == 1000:
        FirstTerm = Term
        break # Stop there
    else:
        continue # Go to next number
print "The first term in the\nFibonacci sequence to\ncontain 1000 digits\nis the", FirstTerm, "term."

Answer

toasted_flakes picture toasted_flakes · Dec 27, 2013

You can write a fibonacci function that runs in linear time and with constant memory footprint, you don't need a list to keep them. Here's a recursive version (however, if n is big enough, it will just stackoverflow)

def fib(a, b, n):
    if n == 1:
        return a
    else: 
        return fib(a+b, a, n-1)


print fib(1, 0, 10) # prints 55

This function calls itself only once (resulting in around N calls for a parameter N), in contrast with your solution which calls itself twice (around 2^N calls for a parameter N).

Here's a version that won't ever stackoverflow and uses a loop instead of recursion:

def fib(n):
    a = 1
    b = 0
    while n > 1:
        a, b = a+b, a
        n = n - 1
    return a

print fib(100000)

And that's fast enough:

$ time python fibo.py 
3364476487643178326662161200510754331030214846068006390656476...

real    0m0.869s

But calling fib until you get a result big enough isn't perfect: the first numbers of the serie are calculated multiple times. You can calculate the next fibonacci number and check its size in the same loop:

a = 1
b = 0
n = 1
while len(str(a)) != 1000:
    a, b = a+b, a
    n = n + 1
print "%d has 1000 digits, n = %d" % (a, n)