Replace all font glyphs in a PDF by converting them to outline shapes

Question

I am looking for a way to 'outline' all text/fonts in a PDF file, i.e. convert them to curves.

I would prefer to do this without having to convert the PDF to PostScript and back. Also, I would like to use free lightweight cross-platform tools that can be automated from the command line, such as Ghostscript or MuPDF.

Answer 1

Yes, you can use Ghostscript to achieve what you want.

I. For Ghostscript versions up to 9.14

You need to go through 2 steps:

1. Convert the PDF to a PostScript file, but use the side effect of a relatively unknown parameter: it is called -dNOCACHE. This will convert all used fonts to outline shapes:

   gs -o somepdf.ps -dNOCACHE -sDEVICE=pswrite somepdf.pdf
   

2. Convert the PS back to PDF (and, maybe delete the intermediate PS again):

   gs -o somepdf-with-outlines.pdf -sDEVICE=pdfwrite somepdf.ps
   
   rm somepdf.ps
   

This method is not reliable long-term, because the Ghostscript developers have stated that -dNOCACHE may not be present in future versions.

_{Note: the resulting PDF will very likely be larger than the original one. Plus, without additional command line parameters, all images in the original PDF will likely also be processed according to Ghostscript builtin defaults. This can lead to unwanted side-effects. Those side-effects can be avoided by adding more command line parameters to do otherwise.}

---

II. Ghostscript versions 9.15 or newer

Ghostscript version 9.15 (released in September 2014) supports a new command line parameter:

 -dNoOutputFonts

This will cause the output devices pdfwrite, ps2write and eps2write "to 'flatten' glyphs into 'basic' marking operations (rather than writing fonts to the output)".

This means: the two steps described for pre-9.15 GS versions can be avoided. The desired result can be achieved with a single command:

 gs -o file-with-outlines.pdf -dNoOutputFonts -sDEVICE=pdfwrite file.pdf

_{Note: the same caveat is true as already noted in part I. If your PDF includes images, there may be unwanted side effects introduced by the simple command line above. To avoid these, you need to add more specific parameters.}