Oracle has an awesome data dictionary. Most of the time it will be even faster to write a query that accesses some of its views than use IDE features.
You can get columns from view ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
.
SELECT *
FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
WHERE TABLE_NAME = :your_table_name
AND COLUMN_NAME LIKE '%YOUR_SEARCH_STRING%'
As for SQL Developer, you can open table from your connections tree, go to Columns tab and just use Edit -> Find (Ctrl/Cmd + F). Works for me in 4.0.2.15.