How do Express and hapi compare to each other?
From web application design and development point of view, how do Express and Hapi compare to each other? For basic examples they seem similar, however I'm interested to learn more about key differences in overall application structure.
For example, as far as I have learned, Hapi uses a different routing mechanism which does not take registration order into account, can do faster lookups, but is limited comparing to Express. Are there other important differences?
There is also an article about choosing Hapi (over Express) for developing the new npmjs.com website, this article states that "Hapi’s plugin system means that we can isolate different facets and services of the application in ways that would allow for microservices in the future. Express, on the other hand, requires a bit more configuration to get the same functionality", what does it exactly mean?
Answer
This is a big question and requires a long answer to be complete, so I'll just address a subset of the most important differences. Apologies that it's still a lengthy answer.
How are they similar?
You're absolutely right when you say:
For basic examples they seem similar
Both frameworks are solving the same basic problem: Providing a convenient API for building HTTP servers in node. That is to say, more convenient than using the lower-level native http module alone. The http module can do everything we want but it's tedious to write applications with.
To achieve this, they both use concepts that have been around in high level web frameworks for a long time: routing, handlers, plugins, authentication modules. They might not have always had the same names but they're roughly equivalent.
Most of the basic examples look something like this:
- Create a route
- Run a function when the route is requested, preparing the response
- Respond to the request
Express:
app.get('/', function (req, res) {
getSomeValue(function (obj) {
res.json({an: 'object'});
});
});
hapi:
server.route({
method: 'GET',
path: '/',
handler: function (request, reply) {
getSomeValue(function (obj) {
reply(obj);
});
}
});
The difference is not exactly groundbreaking here right? So why choose one over the other?
How are they different?
The simple answer is hapi is a lot more and it does a lot more out-of-the-box. That might not be clear when you just look at the simple example from above. In fact, this is intentional. The simple cases are kept simple. So let's examine some of the big differences:
Philosophy
Express is intended to be very minimal. By giving you a small API with just a thin dusting on top of http, you're still very much on your own in terms of adding additional functionality. If you want to read the body of an incoming request (quite a common task), you need to install a separate module. If you're expecting various content-types to be sent to that route, you also need to check the Content-type header to check which it is and parse it accordingly (form-data vs JSON vs multi-part for example), often using separate modules.
hapi has a rich feature set, often exposed through configuration options, rather than requiring code to be written. For instance, if we want to make sure a request body (payload) is fully read into memory and appropriately parsed (automatically based on content-type) before the handler is ran, it's just a simple option:
server.route({
config: {
payload: {
output: 'data',
parse: true
}
},
method: 'GET',
path: '/',
handler: function (request, reply) {
reply(request.payload);
}
});
Features
You only need to compare the API documentation on both projects to see that hapi offers a bigger feature set.
hapi includes some of the following features built-in that Express does not (as far as I know):
- Input and response validation (through Joi)
- Server-side caching with multiple storage options (mongo, S3, redis, riak), that can be enabled with a few lines of configuration
- Cookie-parsing
- Sessions
- File uploading/multipart parsing
- CORS support
- Logging
Extensibility & modularity
hapi and Express go about extensibility in quite a different way. With Express, you have middleware functions. Middleware functions are kind of like filters that you stack up and all requests run through them before hitting your handler.
hapi has the request lifecycle and offers extension points, which are comparable to middleware functions but exist a several defined points in the request lifecycle.
One of the reasons that Walmart built hapi and stopped using Express was a frustration with how difficult it was to split a Express app into separate parts, and have different team members work safely on their chunk. For this reason they created the plugin system in hapi.
A plugin is like a sub-application, you can do everything you can in a hapi app, add routes, extensions points etc. In a plugin you can be sure that you're not breaking another part of the application, because the order of registrations for routes doesn't matter and you can't create conflicting routes. You can then combine this plugins into a server and deploy it.
Ecosystem
Because Express gives you so little out of the box, you need to look outside when you need to add anything to your project. A lot of the times when working with hapi, the feature that you need is either built-in or there's a module created by the core team.
Minimal sounds great. But if you're building a serious production app, the chances are you're going to need all of this stuff eventually.
Security
hapi was designed by the team at Walmart to run Black Friday traffic so security and stability have always been a top concern. For this reason the framework does a lot of things extra such as limiting incoming payload size to prevent exhausting your process memory. It also has options for things like max event loop delay, max RSS memory used and max size of the v8 heap, beyond which your server will respond with a 503 timeout rather than just crashing.
Summary
Evaluate them both yourself. Think about your needs and which of the two addresses your biggest concerns. Have a dip in the two communities (IRC, Gitter, Github), see which you prefer. Don't just take my word. And happy hacking!
DISCLAIMER: I am biased as the author of a book on hapi and the above is largely my personal opinion.