In addition to Alex's explanation, in particular the bit about the database not restarting automatically when you restarted your machine:
Navigate to /etc/oratab
and edit it as root.
Find the line
orcl:/u01/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1:N
Change the N
at the very end to Y
.
This will make the database start up whenever you restart your machine, so you won't have this trouble again.