Signed executables under Linux

Question

For security reasons, it is desirable to check the integrity of code before execution, avoiding tampered software by an attacker. So, my question is

How to sign executable code and run only trusted software under Linux?

I have read the work of van Doom et al., Design and implementation of signed executables for Linux, and the IBM's TLC (Trusted Linux Client) by Safford & Zohar. TLC uses TPM controller, what is nice, but the paper is from 2005 and I was unable to find current alternatives.

Do you know another options?

UPDATE: And about other OS's? OpenSolaris? BSD family?

Answer 1

I realize this is an ancient question but I just now found it.

I wrote signed executable support for the Linux kernel (around version 2.4.3) a while back, and had the entire toolchain in place for signing executables, checking the signatures at execve(2) time, caching the signature validation information (clearing the validation when the file was opened for writing or otherwise modified), embedding the signatures into arbitrary ELF programs, etc. It did introduce some performance penalties upon the first execution of every program (because the kernel had to load in the entire file, rather than just demand-page the needed pages) but once the system was in a steady-state, it worked well.

But we decided to stop pursuing it because it faced several problems that were too large to justify the complexity:

• We had not yet built support for signed libraries. Signed libraries would require also modifying the ld.so loader and the dlopen(3) mechanism. This wasn't impossible but did complicate the interface: should we have the loader ask the kernel to validate a signature or should the computation be done entirely in userspace? How would one protect against a strace(2)d process if this portion of the validation is done in userspace? Would we be forced to forbid strace(2) entirely on such a system?

  What would we do about programs that supply their own loader?

• A great many programs are written in languages that do not compile to ELF objects. We would need to provide language-specific modifications to bash, perl, python, java, awk, sed, and so on, for each of the interpreters to be able to also validate signatures. Since most of these programs are free-format plain text they lack the structure that made embedding digital signatures into ELF object files so easy. Where would the signatures be stored? In the scripts? In extended attributes? In an external database of signatures?

• Many interpreters are wide open about what they allow; bash(1) can communicate with remote systems entirely on its own using echo and /dev/tcp, and can easily be tricked into executing anything an attacker needs doing. Signed or not, you couldn't trust them once they were under control of a hacker.

• The prime motivator for signed executables support comes from rootkits replacing the system-provided /bin/ps, /bin/ps, /bin/kill, and so on. Yes, there are other useful reasons to have signed executables. However, rootkits got significantly more impressive over time, with many relying on kernel hacks to hide their activities from administrators. Once the kernel has been hacked, the whole game is over. As a result of the sophistication of rootkits the tools we were hoping to prevent from being used were falling out of favor in the hacking community.

• The kernel's module loading interface was wide-open. Once a process has root privilege, it was easy to inject a kernel module without any checking. We could have also written another verifier for kernel modules but the kernel's infrastructure around modules was very primitive.