Hot and Cold observables: are there 'hot' and 'cold' operators?

Question

I reviewed the following SO question: What are the Hot and Cold observables?

To summarize:

• a cold observable emits its values when it has an observer to consume them, i.e. the sequence of values received by observers is independent of time of subscription. All observers will consume the same sequence of values.
• a hot observable emits value independently of its subscriptions, i.e. the values received by observers are a function of the time of subscription.

Yet, I feel like hot vs. cold is still a source of confusion. So here are my questions:

• Are all rx observables cold by default (with the exception of subjects)?

  I often read that events are the typical metaphor for hot observables, but I also read that Rx.fromEvent(input, 'click') is a cold observable(?).

• Are there/what are the Rx operators which turn a cold observables into a hot observable (apart from publish, and share)?

  For instance, how does it work with Rx operator withLatestFrom? Let cold$ be a cold observable which has somewhere been subscribed to. Will sth$.withLatestFrom(cold$,...) be a hot observable?

  Or if I do sth1$.withLatestFrom(cold$,...), sth2$.withLatestFrom(cold$,...) and subscribe to sth1 and sth2, will I always see the same value for both sth?

• I thought Rx.fromEvent creates cold observables but that is not the case, as mentioned in one of the answers. However, I am still baffled by this behaviour: https://codepen.io/anon/pen/NqQMJR?editors=101. Different subscriptions get different values from the same observable. Wasn't the click event shared?

Answer 1

I am coming back a few months later to my original question and wanted to share the gained knowledge in the meanwhile. I will use the following code as an explanation support (jsfiddle):

var ta_count = document.getElementById('ta_count');
var ta_result = document.getElementById('ta_result');
var threshold = 3;

function emits ( who, who_ ) {return function ( x ) {
  who.innerHTML = [who.innerHTML, who_ + " emits " + JSON.stringify(x)].join("\n");
};}

var messages$ = Rx.Observable.create(function (observer){
  var count= 0;
  setInterval(function(){
    observer.onNext(++count);
  }, 1000)
})
.do(emits(ta_count, 'count'))
.map(function(count){return count < threshold})
.do(emits(ta_result, 'result'))

messages$.subscribe(function(){});

As mentioned in one of the answers, defining an observable leads to a series of callback and parameter registration. The data flow has to be kicked in, and that is done via the subscribe function. A (simplified for illustration) detailed flow can be find thereafter.

Observables are cold by default. Subscribing to an observable will result in an upstream chain of subscriptions taking place. The last subscription leads to the execution of a function which will handle a source and emit its data to its observer.

That observer in its turn emits to the next observer, resulting in a downstream flow of data, down to the sink observer. The following simplified illustration shows subscription and data flows when two subscribers subscribe to the same observable.

Hot observables can be created either by using a subject, or through the multicast operator (and its derivatives, see Note 3 below).

The multicast operator under the hood makes use of a subject and returns a connectable observable. All subscriptions to the operator will be subscriptions to the inner subject. When connect is called, the inner subject subscribes to the upstream observable, and data flows downstream. Subjects manipulate internally a list of subscribed observers and multicast incoming data to all subscribed observers.

The following diagram summarizes the situation.

In the end, it matters more to understand the flow of data caused by the observer pattern and the implementation of the operators.

For instance, if obs is hot, is hotOrCold = obs.op1 cold or hot? Whatever the answer is :

• if there are no subscribers to obs.op1, no data will flow through op1. If there were subscribers to hot obs, that means obs.op1 will have possibly lost pieces of data
• supposing that op1 is not a multicast-like operator, subscribing twice to hotOrCold will subscribe twice to op1, and every value from obs will flow twice through op1.

Notes :

1. This information should be valid for Rxjs v4. While the version 5 has gone through considerable changes, most of it still applies verbatim.
2. Unsubscription, error and completion flows are not represented, as they are not in the scope of the question. Schedulers are also not taken into account. Among other things, they influence the timing of the data flow, but a priori not its direction and content.
3. According to the type of subject used for multicasting, there are different derived multicasting operators:

Subject type | `Publish` Operator | `Share` operator ------------------ | --------------------------- | ----------------- Rx.Subject | Rx.Observable.publish | share Rx.BehaviorSubject | Rx.Observable.publishValue | shareValue Rx.AsyncSubject | Rx.Observable.publishLast | N/A Rx.ReplaySubject | Rx.Observable.replay | shareReplay

Update : See also the following articles, here, and there) on that subject by Ben Lesh.

Further details on subjects can be found in this other SO question : What are the semantics of different RxJS subjects?