I have done this a million times, i.e open the javascript file in the "Sources" tab, edit and hit CTRL+S to save it, upon which Chrome would confirm the same with a "Recompilation and Update Succeeded".
But I can no longer do this! There is no confirmation message in the console.
Also, the source window turns reddish indicating failure to do so.
The same script is getting edited from a different system.
I am on Chrome 41.0.2272.101m / WIN8.
The script is not "prettified", just to rule that answer out.!
Try using workspaces: https://developer.chrome.com/devtools/docs/workspaces
Add the project folder as a workspace in devtools by right-clicking in the left panel in Sources and choosing "Add Folder to Workspace".
Afterwards, select the javascript file from the folder in your workspace. Right-click anywhere within the file to choose "Map to Local Resource" and select the live file that matches the current file in your workspace.
This should allow you to update your JS file and any saved changes will be applied to the current page without refreshing.