How can I use backslashes (\) in a string?

Question

I tried many ways to get a single backslash from an executed (I don't mean an input from html).

I can get special characters as tab, new line and many others then escape them to \\t or \\n or \\(someother character) but I cannot get a single backslash when a non-special character is next to it.

I don't want something like:

str = "\apple";   // I want this, to return:
console.log(str); // \apple

and if I try to get character at 0 then I get a instead of \.

Answer 1

(See ES2015 update at the end of the answer.)

You've tagged your question both string and regex.

In JavaScript, the backslash has special meaning both in string literals and in regular expressions. If you want an actual backslash in the string or regex, you have to write two: \\.

This string starts with one backslash, the first one you see in the literal is an escape character telling us to take the next character literally:

var str = "\\I have one backslash";

This regular expression will match a single backslash (not two); again, the first one you see in the literal is an escape character telling us to take the next character literally:

var rex = /\\/;

If you're using a string to create a regular expression (rather than using a regular expression literal as I did above), note that you're dealing with two levels: The string level, and the regular expression level. So to create a regular expression using a string that matches a single backslash, you end up using four:

// Matches *one* backslash
var rex = new RegExp("\\\\");

That's because first, you're writing a string literal, but you want to actually put backslashes in it. So you do that with \\ for each one backslash you want. But your regex also requires two \\ for every one real backslash you want, and so it needs to see two backslashes in the string. Hence, a total of four. This is one of the reasons I avoid using new RegExp(string) whenver I can; I get confused easily. :-)

ES2015 and ES2018 update

Fast-forward to 2015, and as Dolphin_Wood points out the new ES2015 standard gives us template literals, tag functions, and the String.raw function:

// Yes, this unlikely-looking syntax is actually valid ES2015
let str = String.raw`\apple`;

str ends up having the characters \, a, p, p, l, and e in it. Just be careful there are no ${ in your "string" (template), since this is a template literal and ${ starts a substitution. E.g.:

let foo = "bar";
let str = String.raw`\apple${foo}`;

...ends up being \applebar. Update: The following is no longer true as of ES2018, which updated template literals to allow invalid escape sequences, details here. Also note this isn't quite like "verbatim" strings in C# or similar, as sequences matching the LegacyOctalEscapeSequence in the spec are not allowed and cause a syntax error. So for instance

// Fails
let str = String.raw`c:\foo\12\bar`;

...fails because \12 looks like a legacy octal literal.