How do you make your Java application memory efficient?

Question

How do you optimize the heap size usage of an application that has a lot (millions) of long-lived objects? (big cache, loading lots of records from a db)

• Use the right data type
  • Avoid java.lang.String to represent other data types
• Avoid duplicated objects
  • Use enums if the values are known in advance
  • Use object pools
  • String.intern() (good idea?)
• Load/keep only the objects you need

I am looking for general programming or Java specific answers. No funky compiler switch.

Edit:

Optimize the memory representation of a POJO that can appear millions of times in the heap.

Use cases

• Load a huge csv file in memory (converted into POJOs)
• Use hibernate to retrieve million of records from a database

Resume of answers:

• Use flyweight pattern
• Copy on write
• Instead of loading 10M objects with 3 properties, is it more efficient to have 3 arrays (or other data structure) of size 10M? (Could be a pain to manipulate data but if you are really short on memory...)

Answer 1

I suggest you use a memory profiler, see where the memory is being consumed and optimise that. Without quantitative information you could end up changing thing which either have no effect or actually make things worse.

You could look at changing the representation of your data, esp if your objects are small. For example, you could represent a table of data as a series of columns with object arrays for each column, rather than one object per row. This can save a significant amount of overhead for each object if you don't need to represent an individual row. e.g. a table with 12 columns and 10,000,000 rows could use 12 objects (one per column) rather than 10 million (one per row)