JPA: How to have one-to-many relation of the same Entity type

Question

There's an Entity Class "A". Class A might have children of the same type "A". Also "A" should hold it's parent if it is a child.

Is this possible? If so how should I map the relations in the Entity class? ["A" has an id column.]

Answer 1

Yes, this is possible. This is a special case of the standard bidirectional @ManyToOne/@OneToMany relationship. It is special because the entity on each end of the relationship is the same. The general case is detailed in Section 2.10.2 of the JPA 2.0 spec.

Here's a worked example. First, the entity class A:

@Entity
public class A implements Serializable {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.AUTO)
    private Long id;
    @ManyToOne
    private A parent;
    @OneToMany(mappedBy="parent")
    private Collection<A> children;

    // Getters, Setters, serialVersionUID, etc...
}

Here's a rough main() method that persists three such entities:

public static void main(String[] args) {

    EntityManager em = ... // from EntityManagerFactory, injection, etc.

    em.getTransaction().begin();

    A parent   = new A();
    A son      = new A();
    A daughter = new A();

    son.setParent(parent);
    daughter.setParent(parent);
    parent.setChildren(Arrays.asList(son, daughter));

    em.persist(parent);
    em.persist(son);
    em.persist(daughter);

    em.getTransaction().commit();
}

In this case, all three entity instances must be persisted before transaction commit. If I fail to persist one of the entities in the graph of parent-child relationships, then an exception is thrown on commit(). On Eclipselink, this is a RollbackException detailing the inconsistency.

This behavior is configurable through the cascade attribute on A's @OneToMany and @ManyToOne annotations. For instance, if I set cascade=CascadeType.ALL on both of those annotations, I could safely persist one of the entities and ignore the others. Say I persisted parent in my transaction. The JPA implementation traverses parent's children property because it is marked with CascadeType.ALL. The JPA implementation finds son and daughter there. It then persists both children on my behalf, even though I didn't explicitly request it.

One more note. It is always the programmer's responsibility to update both sides of a bidirectional relationship. In other words, whenever I add a child to some parent, I must update the child's parent property accordingly. Updating only one side of a bidirectional relationship is an error under JPA. Always update both sides of the relationship. This is written unambiguously on page 42 of the JPA 2.0 spec:

Note that it is the application that bears responsibility for maintaining the consistency of runtime relationships—for example, for insuring that the “one” and the “many” sides of a bidirectional relationship are consistent with one another when the application updates the relationship at runtime.