Can I pass an array as arguments to a method with variable arguments in Java?

Question

I'd like to be able to create a function like:

class A {
  private String extraVar;
  public String myFormat(String format, Object ... args){
    return String.format(format, extraVar, args);
  }
}

The problem here is that args is treated as Object[] in the method myFormat, and thus is a single argument to String.format, while I'd like every single Object in args to be passed as a new argument. Since String.format is also a method with variable arguments, this should be possible.

If this is not possible, is there a method like String.format(String format, Object[] args)? In that case I could prepend extraVar to args using a new array and pass it to that method.

Answer 1

Yes, a T... is only a syntactic sugar for a T[].

JLS 8.4.1 Format parameters

The last formal parameter in a list is special; it may be a variable arity parameter, indicated by an elipsis following the type.

If the last formal parameter is a variable arity parameter of type T, it is considered to define a formal parameter of type T[]. The method is then a variable arity method. Otherwise, it is a fixed arity method. Invocations of a variable arity method may contain more actual argument expressions than formal parameters. All the actual argument expressions that do not correspond to the formal parameters preceding the variable arity parameter will be evaluated and the results stored into an array that will be passed to the method invocation.

Here's an example to illustrate:

public static String ezFormat(Object... args) {
    String format = new String(new char[args.length])
        .replace("\0", "[ %s ]");
    return String.format(format, args);
}
public static void main(String... args) {
    System.out.println(ezFormat("A", "B", "C"));
    // prints "[ A ][ B ][ C ]"
}

And yes, the above main method is valid, because again, String... is just String[]. Also, because arrays are covariant, a String[] is an Object[], so you can also call ezFormat(args) either way.

See also

• Java language guide/varargs

---

Varargs gotchas #1: passing null

How varargs are resolved is quite complicated, and sometimes it does things that may surprise you.

Consider this example:

static void count(Object... objs) {
    System.out.println(objs.length);
}

count(null, null, null); // prints "3"
count(null, null); // prints "2"
count(null); // throws java.lang.NullPointerException!!!

Due to how varargs are resolved, the last statement invokes with objs = null, which of course would cause NullPointerException with objs.length. If you want to give one null argument to a varargs parameter, you can do either of the following:

count(new Object[] { null }); // prints "1"
count((Object) null); // prints "1"

Related questions

The following is a sample of some of the questions people have asked when dealing with varargs:

• bug with varargs and overloading?
• How to work with varargs and reflection
• Most specific method with matches of both fixed/variable arity (varargs)

---

Vararg gotchas #2: adding extra arguments

As you've found out, the following doesn't "work":

    String[] myArgs = { "A", "B", "C" };
    System.out.println(ezFormat(myArgs, "Z"));
    // prints "[ [Ljava.lang.String;@13c5982 ][ Z ]"

Because of the way varargs work, ezFormat actually gets 2 arguments, the first being a String[], the second being a String. If you're passing an array to varargs, and you want its elements to be recognized as individual arguments, and you also need to add an extra argument, then you have no choice but to create another array that accommodates the extra element.

Here are some useful helper methods:

static <T> T[] append(T[] arr, T lastElement) {
    final int N = arr.length;
    arr = java.util.Arrays.copyOf(arr, N+1);
    arr[N] = lastElement;
    return arr;
}
static <T> T[] prepend(T[] arr, T firstElement) {
    final int N = arr.length;
    arr = java.util.Arrays.copyOf(arr, N+1);
    System.arraycopy(arr, 0, arr, 1, N);
    arr[0] = firstElement;
    return arr;
}

Now you can do the following:

    String[] myArgs = { "A", "B", "C" };
    System.out.println(ezFormat(append(myArgs, "Z")));
    // prints "[ A ][ B ][ C ][ Z ]"

    System.out.println(ezFormat(prepend(myArgs, "Z")));
    // prints "[ Z ][ A ][ B ][ C ]"

---

Varargs gotchas #3: passing an array of primitives

It doesn't "work":

    int[] myNumbers = { 1, 2, 3 };
    System.out.println(ezFormat(myNumbers));
    // prints "[ [I@13c5982 ]"

Varargs only works with reference types. Autoboxing does not apply to array of primitives. The following works:

    Integer[] myNumbers = { 1, 2, 3 };
    System.out.println(ezFormat(myNumbers));
    // prints "[ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ]"