Why doesn't Java Map extend Collection?

Question

I was surprised by the fact that Map<?,?> is not a Collection<?>.

I thought it'd make a LOT of sense if it was declared as such:

public interface Map<K,V> extends Collection<Map.Entry<K,V>>

After all, a Map<K,V> is a collection of Map.Entry<K,V>, isn't it?

So is there a good reason why it's not implemented as such?

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Thanks to Cletus for a most authoritative answer, but I'm still wondering why, if you can already view a Map<K,V> as Set<Map.Entries<K,V>> (via entrySet()), it doesn't just extend that interface instead.

If a Map is a Collection, what are the elements? The only reasonable answer is "Key-value pairs"

Exactly, interface Map<K,V> extends Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> would be great!

but this provides a very limited (and not particularly useful) Map abstraction.

But if that's the case then why is entrySet specified by the interface? It must be useful somehow (and I think it's easy to argue for that position!).

You can't ask what value a given key maps to, nor can you delete the entry for a given key without knowing what value it maps to.

I'm not saying that that's all there is to it to Map! It can and should keep all the other methods (except entrySet, which is redundant now)!

Answer 1

From the Java Collections API Design FAQ:

Why doesn't Map extend Collection?

This was by design. We feel that mappings are not collections and collections are not mappings. Thus, it makes little sense for Map to extend the Collection interface (or vice versa).

If a Map is a Collection, what are the elements? The only reasonable answer is "Key-value pairs", but this provides a very limited (and not particularly useful) Map abstraction. You can't ask what value a given key maps to, nor can you delete the entry for a given key without knowing what value it maps to.

Collection could be made to extend Map, but this raises the question: what are the keys? There's no really satisfactory answer, and forcing one leads to an unnatural interface.

Maps can be viewed as Collections (of keys, values, or pairs), and this fact is reflected in the three "Collection view operations" on Maps (keySet, entrySet, and values). While it is, in principle, possible to view a List as a Map mapping indices to elements, this has the nasty property that deleting an element from the List changes the Key associated with every element before the deleted element. That's why we don't have a map view operation on Lists.

Update: I think the quote answers most of the questions. It's worth stressing the part about a collection of entries not being a particularly useful abstraction. For example:

Set<Map.Entry<String,String>>

would allow:

set.add(entry("hello", "world"));
set.add(entry("hello", "world 2");

(assuming an entry() method that creates a Map.Entry instance)

Maps require unique keys so this would violate this. Or if you impose unique keys on a Set of entries, it's not really a Set in the general sense. It's a Set with further restrictions.

Arguably you could say the equals()/hashCode() relationship for Map.Entry was purely on the key but even that has issues. More importantly, does it really add any value? You may find this abstraction breaks down once you start looking at the corner cases.

It's worth noting that the HashSet is actually implemented as a HashMap, not the other way around. This is purely an implementation detail but is interesting nonetheless.

The main reason for entrySet() to exist is to simplify traversal so you don't have to traverse the keys and then do a lookup of the key. Don't take it as prima facie evidence that a Map should be a Set of entries (imho).