Alternatives to type casting when formatting NS(U)Integer on 32 and 64 bit architectures?

Question

With the 64 bit version of iOS we can't use %d and %u anymore to format NSInteger and NSUInteger. Because for 64 bit those are typedef'd to long and unsigned long instead of int and unsigned int.

So Xcode will throw warnings if you try to format NSInteger with %d. Xcode is nice to us and offers an replacement for those two cases, which consists of a l-prefixed format specifier and a typecast to long. Then our code basically looks like this:

NSLog(@"%ld", (long)i);
NSLog(@"%lu", (unsigned long)u);

Which, if you ask me, is a pain in the eye.

A couple of days ago someone at Twitter mentioned the format specifiers %zd to format signed variables and %tu to format unsigned variables on 32 and 64 bit plattforms.

NSLog(@"%zd", i);
NSLog(@"%tu", u);

Which seems to work. And which I like more than typecasting.

But I honestly have no idea why those work. Right now both are basically magic values for me.

I did a bit of research and figured out that the z prefix means that the following format specifier has the same size as size_t. But I have absolutely no idea what the prefix t means. So I have two questions:

What exactly do %zd and %tu mean?

And is it safe to use %zd and %tu instead of Apples suggestion to typecast to long?

---

I am aware of similar questions and Apples 64-Bit Transition guides, which all recommend the %lu (unsigned long) approach. I am asking for an alternative to type casting.

Answer 1

From http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/printf.html:

• z
  Specifies that a following [...] conversion specifier applies to a size_t or the corresponding signed integer type argument;
• t
  Specifies that a following [...] conversion specifier applies to a ptrdiff_t or the corresponding unsigned type argument;

And from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size_t#Size_and_pointer_difference_types:

• size_t is used to represent the size of any object (including arrays) in the particular implementation. It is used as the return type of the sizeof operator.
• ptrdiff_t is used to represent the difference between pointers.

On the current OS X and iOS platforms we have

typedef __SIZE_TYPE__ size_t;
typedef __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ ptrdiff_t;

where __SIZE_TYPE__ and __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ are predefined by the compiler. For 32-bit the compiler defines

#define __SIZE_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ int

and for 64-bit the compiler defines

#define __SIZE_TYPE__ long unsigned int
#define __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ long int

(This may have changed between Xcode versions. Motivated by @user102008's comment, I have checked this with Xcode 6.2 and updated the answer.)

So ptrdiff_t and NSInteger are both typedef'd to the same type: int on 32-bit and long on 64-bit. Therefore

NSLog(@"%td", i);
NSLog(@"%tu", u);

work correctly and compile without warnings on all current iOS and OS X platforms.

size_t and NSUInteger have the same size on all platforms, but they are not the same type, so

NSLog(@"%zu", u);

actually gives a warning when compiling for 32-bit.

But this relation is not fixed in any standard (as far as I know), therefore I would not consider it safe (in the same sense as assuming that long has the same size as a pointer is not considered safe). It might break in the future.

The only alternative to type casting that I know of is from the answer to "Foundation types when compiling for arm64 and 32-bit architecture", using preprocessor macros:

// In your prefix header or something
#if __LP64__
#define NSI "ld"
#define NSU "lu"
#else
#define NSI "d"
#define NSU "u"
#endif

NSLog(@"i=%"NSI, i);
NSLog(@"u=%"NSU, u);