I have a basic understanding in image processing and now studying in-depth the "Digital Image Processing" book by Gonzales.
When image given and object of interest approximated form is known (e.g. circle, triangle), what is the best algorithm / method to find this object on image?
The object can be slightly deformed, so brute force approach will not help.
You may try using Histograms of Oriented Gradients (also called Edge Orientation Histograms). We have used them for detecting road signs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram_of_oriented_gradients and the papers by Bill Triggs should get you started.