How do you keep parents of floated elements from collapsing?

Question

Although elements like <div>s normally grow to fit their contents, using the float property can cause a startling problem for CSS newbies: If floated elements have non-floated parent elements, the parent will collapse.

For example:

<div>
  <div style="float: left;">Div 1</div>
  <div style="float: left;">Div 2</div>
</div>

The parent div in this example will not expand to contain its floated children - it will appear to have height: 0.

How do you solve this problem?

I would like to create an exhaustive list of solutions here. If you're aware of cross-browser compatibility issues, please point them out.

Solution 1

Float the parent.

<div style="float: left;">
  <div style="float: left;">Div 1</div>
  <div style="float: left;">Div 2</div>
</div>

Pros: Semantic code.
Cons: You may not always want the parent floated. Even if you do, do you float the parents' parent, and so on? Must you float every ancestor element?

Solution 2

Give the parent an explicit height.

<div style="height: 300px;">
  <div style="float: left;">Div 1</div>
  <div style="float: left;">Div 2</div>
</div>

Pros: Semantic code.
Cons: Not flexible - if the content changes or the browser is resized, the layout will break.

Solution 3

Append a "spacer" element inside the parent element, like this:

<div>
  <div style="float: left;">Div 1</div>
  <div style="float: left;">Div 2</div>
  <div class="spacer" style="clear: both;"></div>
</div>

Pros: Straightforward to code.
Cons: Not semantic; the spacer div exists only as a layout hack.

Solution 4

Set parent to overflow: auto.

<div style="overflow: auto;">
  <div style="float: left;">Div 1</div>
  <div style="float: left;">Div 2</div>
</div>

Pros: Doesn't require extra div.
Cons: Seems like a hack - that's not the overflow property's stated purpose.

Comments? Other suggestions?

Answer 1

Solution 1:

The most reliable and unobtrusive method appears to be this:

Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/SO_AMK/wXaEH/

HTML:

<div class="clearfix">
    <div style="float: left;">Div 1</div>
    <div style="float: left;">Div 2</div>
</div>​

CSS:

.clearfix::after { 
   content: " ";
   display: block; 
   height: 0; 
   clear: both;
}

​With a little CSS targeting, you don't even need to add a class to the parent DIV.

This solution is backward compatible with IE8 so you don't need to worry about older browsers failing.

Solution 2:

An adaptation of solution 1 has been suggested and is as follows:

Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/wXaEH/162/

HTML:

<div class="clearfix">
    <div style="float: left;">Div 1</div>
    <div style="float: left;">Div 2</div>
</div>​

CSS:

.clearfix::after { 
   content: " ";
   display: block; 
   height: 0; 
   clear: both;
   *zoom: expression( this.runtimeStyle['zoom'] = '1', this.innerHTML += '<div class="ie7-clear"></div>' );
}

.ie7-clear {
    display: block;
    clear: both;
}

This solution appears to be backward compatible to IE5.5 but is untested.

Solution 3:

It's also possible to set display: inline-block; and width: 100%; to emulate a normal block element while not collapsing.

Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/SO_AMK/ae5ey/

CSS:

.clearfix {
    display: inline-block;
    width: 100%;
}

This solution should be backward compatible with IE5.5 but has only been tested in IE6.