Can two different strings generate the same MD5 hash code?
For each of our binary assets we generate a MD5 hash. This is used to check whether a certain binary asset is already in our application. But is it possible that two different binary assets generate the same MD5 hash. So is it possible that two different strings generate the same MD5 hash?
Answer
For a set of even billions of assets, the chances of random collisions are negligibly small -- nothing that you should worry about. Considering the birthday paradox, given a set of 2^64 (or 18,446,744,073,709,551,616) assets, the probability of a single MD5 collision within this set is 50%. At this scale, you'd probably beat Google in terms of storage capacity.
However, because the MD5 hash function has been broken (it's vulnerable to a collision attack), any determined attacker can produce 2 colliding assets in a matter of seconds worth of CPU power. So if you want to use MD5, make sure that such an attacker would not compromise the security of your application!
Also, consider the ramifications if an attacker could forge a collision to an existing asset in your database. While there are no such known attacks (preimage attacks) against MD5 (as of 2011), it could become possible by extending the current research on collision attacks.
If these turn out to be a problem, I suggest looking at the SHA-2 series of hash functions (SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512). The downside is that it's slightly slower and has longer hash output.