Currently, if I have a facebook friend whom I've tagged in a picture that I've uploaded, when I upload a picture with his face on it, facebook automatically suggests his user as a tag.
Is it possible to emulate this same behavior via the facebook graph api or the SDK?
In other words, if I use the api as described on https://developers.facebook.com/docs/graph-api/reference/user/photos/ to upload a photo (described under "Creating") of a user that my account is friends with, is there any way facebook will make that same suggestion in the request return parameters or something like that?
Yes. You can use Facematch, an unofficial wrapper for the Facebook face recognition feature.
When you upload a picture on Facebook, the /photos/tagging/recognition endpoint is called. This program uploads a private picture (using Facebook API) + calls the recognition endpoint (by simulating a browser using the user's information).