I have:
Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Workbook wb;
Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel.Name name;
Is there any way to get the worksheet name that the named range is on in the given workbook, assuming I've gotten the named range's Name object and wb already?
Yes, use the Parent property to work your way up the object hierarchy:
ws = name.RefersToRange.Parent.name;