I just came to SO looking for this, didn't find it, and found it on my own elsewhere. But I thought it would be good for SO to have the answer for future reference; I wondered about them all the time when I was new to Eclipse (this was before I discovered SO).
This is a fairly comprehensive list from the Eclipse documentation. If anyone knows of another list — maybe with more details, or just the most common icons — feel free to add it.
Latest: JDT Icons
2019-06: JDT Icons
2019-03: JDT Icons
2018-12: JDT Icons
2018-09: JDT Icons
Photon: JDT Icons
Oxygen: JDT Icons
Neon: JDT Icons
Mars: JDT Icons
Luna: JDT Icons
Kepler: JDT Icons
Juno: JDT Icons
Indigo: JDT Icons
Helios: JDT Icons
There are also some CDT icons at the bottom of this help page.
If you're a Subversion user, the icons you're looking for may actually belong to Subclipse; see this excellent answer for more on those.