Covariance, contravariance and invariance describe how the existing type inheritance hierarchy changes when subjected to some transformation (such as usage within generics).
While we can inherit from base class/interface, why can't we declare a List<> using same class/interface? …
c# list inheritance collections covarianceI am trying to figure out how to calculate covariance with the Python Numpy function cov. When I pass it …
python numpy covarianceSuppose I have two vectors of length 25, and I want to compute their covariance matrix. I try doing this with …
python numpy covarianceWhat is a covariant return type in Java? In object-oriented programming in general?
java oop covarianceI'm having a little trouble understanding how I would use covariance and contravariance in the real world. So far, the …
c# c#-4.0 covarianceWhat is the difference between <out T> and <T>? For example: public interface IExample<out …
c# generics covarianceIs there way to override return types in C#? If so how, and if not why and what is a …
c# inheritance types covariance overridingPlease show a good example for covariance and contravariance in Java.
java covariance contravarianceI didn't attend PDC 2008, but I heard some news that C# 4.0 is announced to support Generic covariance and contra-variance. That …
c# c#-4.0 covariance contravariance generic-varianceFrom Effective Java by Joshua Bloch, Arrays differ from generic type in two important ways. First arrays are covariant. Generics …
java arrays generics language-design covariance