I'm writing a bulk ID3 tag editor in C. ID3 tags are usually at the beginning of an mp3 encoded file, although older (version 1) tags are at the end. The app is designed to accept a directory and frame ID list from the command line, then recurse the directory structure updating all the ID3 tags it finds. The user may additionally choose to remove all older (version 1) tags. Another option is to simply display the current tags, without performing an update. The directory might contain 2 files or 2 million. If the user means to update the files, I was planning to load the entire file into memory, perform the updates, then save it (the file may be renamed as well). However, if the user only means to print the current ID3 tags, then loading the entire file seems excessive. After all the file could be 200mb.
I've read through this thread, which was insightful - mmap() vs. reading blocks
So my question is, what the most efficient way to go about this -- read(), mmap() or some combination? Design ideas welcome.
Edit: It's my understanding that mmap essentially delegates loading a file into memory, to the virtual memory subsystem. It seems to me, the VMM would be highly optimized on most systems as it's critical for system performance.
Answer
It really depends on what you're trying to do. If all you need to do is hop to a known offset and read out a small tag, read() may be faster (mmap() has to do some rather complex internal accounting). If you are planning on copying out all 200mb of the MP3, however, or scanning it for some tag that may appear at an unknown offset, then mmap() is likely a faster approach.
For example, if you need to shift the entire file down a few hundred bytes in order to insert an ID3 tag, one simple approach would be to expand the file with ftruncate(), mmap the file, then memmove() the contents down a bit. This, however, will destroy the file if your program crashes while it's running. You could also copy the contents of the file into a new file - this is another place where mmap() really shines; you can simply mmap() the old file, then copy all of its data into the new file with a single write().
In short, mmap() is great if you're doing a large amount of IO in terms of total bytes transferred; this is because it reduces the number of copies needed, and can significantly reduce the number of kernel entries needed for reading cached data. However mmap() requires a minimum of two trips into the kernel (three if you clean up the mapping when you're done!) and does some complex internal kernel accounting, and so the fixed overhead can be high.
read() on the other hand involves an extra memory-to-memory copy, and can thus be inefficient for large I/O operations, but is simple, and so the fixed overhead is relatively low. In short, use mmap() for large bulk I/O, and read() or pread() for one-off, small I/Os.