Still Reachable Leak detected by Valgrind

Question

All the functions mentioned in this block are library functions. How can I rectify this memory leak?

It is listed under the "Still reachable" category. (There are 4 more, which are very similar, but of varying sizes)

 630 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 5 of 5
    at 0x4004F1B: calloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:418)
    by 0x931CD2: _dl_new_object (dl-object.c:52)
    by 0x92DD36: _dl_map_object_from_fd (dl-load.c:972)
    by 0x92EFB6: _dl_map_object (dl-load.c:2251)
    by 0x939F1B: dl_open_worker (dl-open.c:255)
    by 0x935965: _dl_catch_error (dl-error.c:178)
    by 0x9399C5: _dl_open (dl-open.c:584)
    by 0xA64E31: do_dlopen (dl-libc.c:86)
    by 0x935965: _dl_catch_error (dl-error.c:178)
    by 0xA64FF4: __libc_dlopen_mode (dl-libc.c:47)
    by 0xAE6086: pthread_cancel_init (unwind-forcedunwind.c:53)
    by 0xAE61FC: _Unwind_ForcedUnwind (unwind-forcedunwind.c:126)

Catch: Once I ran my program, it gave no memory leaks, but it had one additional line in the Valgrind output, which wasn't present before:

Discarding syms at 0x5296fa0-0x52af438 in /lib/libgcc_s-4.4.4-20100630.so.1 due to munmap()

If the leak can't be rectified, can someone atleast explain why the munmap() line causes Valgrind to report 0 "still reachable" leaks?

Edit:

Here's a minimal test sample:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>

void *runner(void *param) {
    /* some operations ... */
    pthread_exit(NULL);
}

int n;

int main(void) {

    int i;
    pthread_t *threadIdArray;

    n=10; /* for example */

    threadIdArray = malloc((n+n-1)*sizeof(pthread_t));  

    for(i=0;i<(n+n-1);i++) {
        if( pthread_create(&threadIdArray[i],NULL,runner,NULL) != 0 ) {
            printf("Couldn't create thread %d\n",i);
            exit(1);
        }
    }


    for(i=0;i<(n+n-1);i++) {
        pthread_join(threadIdArray[i],NULL);
    }

    free(threadIdArray);

    return(0);
}

Run with:

valgrind -v --leak-check=full --show-reachable=yes ./a.out

Answer 1

There is more than one way to define "memory leak". In particular, there are two primary definitions of "memory leak" that are in common usage among programmers.

The first commonly used definition of "memory leak" is, "Memory was allocated and was not subsequently freed before the program terminated." However, many programmers (rightly) argue that certain types of memory leaks that fit this definition don't actually pose any sort of problem, and therefore should not be considered true "memory leaks".

An arguably stricter (and more useful) definition of "memory leak" is, "Memory was allocated and cannot be subsequently freed because the program no longer has any pointers to the allocated memory block." In other words, you cannot free memory that you no longer have any pointers to. Such memory is therefore a "memory leak". Valgrind uses this stricter definition of the term "memory leak". This is the type of leak which can potentially cause significant heap depletion, especially for long lived processes.

The "still reachable" category within Valgrind's leak report refers to allocations that fit only the first definition of "memory leak". These blocks were not freed, but they could have been freed (if the programmer had wanted to) because the program still was keeping track of pointers to those memory blocks.

In general, there is no need to worry about "still reachable" blocks. They don't pose the sort of problem that true memory leaks can cause. For instance, there is normally no potential for heap exhaustion from "still reachable" blocks. This is because these blocks are usually one-time allocations, references to which are kept throughout the duration of the process's lifetime. While you could go through and ensure that your program frees all allocated memory, there is usually no practical benefit from doing so since the operating system will reclaim all of the process's memory after the process terminates, anyway. Contrast this with true memory leaks which, if left unfixed, could cause a process to run out of memory if left running long enough, or will simply cause a process to consume far more memory than is necessary.

Probably the only time it is useful to ensure that all allocations have matching "frees" is if your leak detection tools cannot tell which blocks are "still reachable" (but Valgrind can do this) or if your operating system doesn't reclaim all of a terminating process's memory (all platforms which Valgrind has been ported to do this).