Anyone recommend how a person could get started with autotools in building a C project?
Alexandre Duret-Lutz's tutorial is my resource of choice.
There are also:
To me, the autobook is not up to date anymore and more difficult to read. However it still contains interesting chapters like Writing Portable Bourne Shell.
Also, consider learning about non-recursive automake which addresses the concerns raised by Peter Miller in his Recursive Make Considered Harmful article.
EDIT: for reference, there is also Autotools Tutorial for Beginners.