std::atomic | compare_exchange_weak vs. compare_exchange_strong

Question

I'm unsure if it's me not understanding or the documentation isn't clearly formulated.

The following excerpt has been taken from the newest draft (N3126, section 29.6):

bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(volatile A* object, C * expected, C desired);
bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak(A* object, C * expected, C desired);
bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(volatile A* object, C * expected, C desired);
bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong(A* object, C * expected, C desired);
bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(volatile A* object, C * expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure);
bool atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(A* object, C * expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure);
bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(volatile A* object, C * expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure);
bool atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit(A* object, C * expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure);
bool A::compare_exchange_weak(C & expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure) volatile;
bool A::compare_exchange_weak(C & expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure);
bool A::compare_exchange_strong(C & expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure) volatile;
bool A::compare_exchange_strong(C & expected, C desired, memory_order success, memory_order failure);
bool A::compare_exchange_weak(C & expected, C desired, memory_order order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
bool A::compare_exchange_weak(C & expected, C desired, memory_order order = memory_order_seq_cst);
bool A::compare_exchange_strong(C & expected, C desired, memory_order order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
bool A::compare_exchange_strong(C & expected, C desired, memory_order order = memory_order_seq_cst);

Remark: The weak compare-and-exchange operations may fail spuriously, that is, return false while leaving the contents of memory pointed to by expected before the operation is the same that same as that of the object and the same as that of expected after the operation. [ Note: This spurious failure enables implementation of compare-and-exchange on a broader class of machines, e.g., loadlocked store-conditional machines. A consequence of spurious failure is that nearly all uses of weak compare-and-exchange will be in a loop.

So, what does this mean?

Firstly, it 'may' fail spuriously?! Why would it fail? And how do they define 'may'?

Secondly, I still have no idea what's the difference between the functions with "_strong" and "_weak" suffix. Could someone explain the difference?

EDIT: That's what I've found in libstdc++-implementation (atomic_0.h):

bool compare_exchange_weak(
    __integral_type& __i1,
    __integral_type __i2,
    memory_order __m1,
    memory_order __m2
)
{
    __glibcxx_assert(__m2 != memory_order_release);
    __glibcxx_assert(__m2 != memory_order_acq_rel);
    __glibcxx_assert(__m2 <= __m1);
    return _ATOMIC_CMPEXCHNG_(this, &__i1, __i2, __m1);
}

bool compare_exchange_strong(
    __integral_type& __i1,
    __integral_type __i2,
    memory_order __m1,
    memory_order __m2
)
{
    __glibcxx_assert(__m2 != memory_order_release);
    __glibcxx_assert(__m2 != memory_order_acq_rel);
    __glibcxx_assert(__m2 <= __m1);
    return _ATOMIC_CMPEXCHNG_(this, &__i1, __i2, __m1);
}

Answer 1

The note gives a clue, referring to LL/SC architectures. From the Wikipedia article:

If any updates have occurred, the store-conditional is guaranteed to fail, even if the value read by the load-link has since been restored. As such, an LL/SC pair is stronger than a read followed by a compare-and-swap (CAS), which will not detect updates if the old value has been restored (see ABA problem).

Real implementations of LL/SC do not always succeed if there are no concurrent updates to the memory location in question. Any exceptional events between the two operations, such as a context switch, another load-link, or even (on many platforms) another load or store operation, will cause the store-conditional to spuriously fail.

On LL/SC chips the compare_exchange will be implemented in terms of LL/SC, which can spuriously fail, so compare_exchange_strong needs extra overhead to retry in the case of failure. Providing both compare_exchange_strong and compare_exchange_weak allows the programmer to decide whether they want the library to handle spurious failures (in which case they'd use compare_exchange_strong) or if they want to handle it in their own code (in which case they'd use compare_exchange_weak)