error LNK2001 and error LNK2019 (C++) -- Requesting some learning about these errors
Alright, so I just finished my last compiler error (so I thought) and these errors came up:
1>GameEngine.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static double WeaponsDB::PI" (?PI@WeaponsDB@@2NA)
1>Component.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static double WeaponsDB::PI" (?PI@WeaponsDB@@2NA)
1>Coordinate.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: static double WeaponsDB::PI" (?PI@WeaponsDB@@2NA) referenced in function "public: double __thiscall Coordinate::distanceFrom(class Coordinate *)" (?distanceFrom@Coordinate@@QAENPAV1@@Z)
1>Driver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static double WeaponsDB::PI" (?PI@WeaponsDB@@2NA)
1>Environment.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static double WeaponsDB::PI" (?PI@WeaponsDB@@2NA)
1>Environment.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool Environment::spyFlag" (?spyFlag@Environment@@2_NA)
1>Environment.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "private: static class Environment * Environment::instance_" (?instance_@Environment@@0PAV1@A)
1>Environment.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: static void __cdecl Environment::spyAlertOver(void)" (?spyAlertOver@Environment@@SAXXZ) referenced in function "public: void __thiscall Environment::notificationOfSpySuccess(void)" (?notificationOfSpySuccess@Environment@@QAEXXZ)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: static void __cdecl MainMenu::gameOver(int)" (?gameOver@MainMenu@@SAXH@Z) referenced in function "public: static void __cdecl GameDriver::run(void)" (?run@GameDriver@@SAXXZ)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: static void __cdecl GameDriver::gatherInput(void)" (?gatherInput@GameDriver@@SAXXZ) referenced in function "public: static void __cdecl GameDriver::run(void)" (?run@GameDriver@@SAXXZ)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: static void __cdecl GameDriver::ticker(void)" (?ticker@GameDriver@@SAXXZ) referenced in function "public: static void __cdecl GameDriver::run(void)" (?run@GameDriver@@SAXXZ)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static int GameDriver::ticks" (?ticks@GameDriver@@2HA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::evaluatingInputFlag" (?evaluatingInputFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyQuitFlag" (?keyQuitFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyToggleWeaponRightFlag" (?keyToggleWeaponRightFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyToggleWeaponLeftFlag" (?keyToggleWeaponLeftFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyFireFlag" (?keyFireFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyLeftFlag" (?keyLeftFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyRightFlag" (?keyRightFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyUpFlag" (?keyUpFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GameDriver.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: static bool GameDriver::keyDownFlag" (?keyDownFlag@GameDriver@@2_NA)
1>GUI_Env.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "private: static struct BITMAP * GUI_Env::buffer" (?buffer@GUI_Env@@0PAUBITMAP@@A)
1>GUI_Info.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "private: static struct BITMAP * GUI_Info::buffer" (?buffer@GUI_Info@@0PAUBITMAP@@A)
1>MenuDriver.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: static void __cdecl MainMenu::displayMenu(void)" (?displayMenu@MainMenu@@SAXXZ) referenced in function "public: static void __cdecl MenuDriver::start(void)" (?start@MenuDriver@@SAXXZ)
1>SpaceObjectFactory.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "private: static class SpaceObjectFactory * SpaceObjectFactory::_instance" (?_instance@SpaceObjectFactory@@0PAV1@A)
1>Spy.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: virtual bool __thiscall UnFormationable::sameTypeOfSpaceObjectAs(class SpaceObject *)" (?sameTypeOfSpaceObjectAs@UnFormationable@@UAE_NPAVSpaceObject@@@Z) referenced in function "public: virtual bool __thiscall Spy::sameTypeOfSpaceObjectAs(class SpaceObject *)" (?sameTypeOfSpaceObjectAs@Spy@@UAE_NPAVSpaceObject@@@Z)
1>WeaponsDB.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "private: static class WeaponsDB * WeaponsDB::_instance" (?_instance@WeaponsDB@@0PAV1@A)
1>C:\Users\Owner\Desktop\Bosconian\code\Bosconian\Debug\Bosconian.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 23 unresolved externals
Alright, here's a brief overview.
PI is a static constant in WeaponsDB and is referenced by other classes using WeaponsDB::PI and the appropriate #include (what's wrong with this?)
Most other errors stem from static variables and static methods for timers from the allegro gaming library.
What causes these errors and how might I get rid of them?
Thanks in advance
----------------Edits-------------------
As requested, where the WeaponsDB::PI is declared and defined. It is declared in WeaponsDB.h:
public:
static double PI;
But it is defined in another class Driver.cpp:
WeaponsDB::PI = 4*atan(1.0);
If this is one of the problems with my code I would love to know why this causes an error.
Answer
Most often, when the linker is failing to detect a static member it is because you to forgot to really define it somewhere, as it was pointed before:
// header
class X {
static const int y;
};
// cpp
const int X::y = 1;
But in your case, as you are not only missing static variables but also all the rest of the members my bet is that you are not linking the implementation file(s) (.cpp) in your project. You must provide a compilation unit that defines the symbols that were declared in the header, and make the environment compile and link it together. If the symbols belong to a compilation unit in an external library (from your current project) then you must remember to link with the library.