Do C++ enums Start at 0?

Question

If I have an enum that does not assign numbers to the enumerations, will it's ordinal value be 0? For example:

enum enumeration { ZERO,
                   ONE,
                   TWO,
                   THREE,
                   FOUR,
                   FIVE,
                   SIX,
                   SEVEN,
                   EIGHT,
                   NINE };

I've been able to find a post citing that the C99 standard requires a 0 ordinal number. But I know C++ ignores several things in the C99 standard. And I've also been able to find a post witnessing the compiler using an ordinal value of 1, something I also seem recall seeing, though I can't say how long ago that was.

I would really like to see an answer that confirms this for C++, but I'd also like to know if an ordinal 0 holds even if I specify a value in the middle of an enum:

enum enumeration { ZERO,
                   ONE,
                   TWO,
                   THREE = 13,
                   FOUR,
                   FIVE,
                   SIX,
                   SEVEN,
                   EIGHT,
                   NINE };

Answer 1

Per that standard [dcl.enum]

The enumeration type declared with an enum-key of only enum is an unscoped enumeration, and its enumerators are unscoped enumerators. The enum-keys enum class and enum struct are semantically equivalent; an enumeration type declared with one of these is a scoped enumeration, and its enumerators are scoped enumerators. The optional identifier shall not be omitted in the declaration of a scoped enumeration. The type-specifier-seq of an enum-base shall name an integral type; any cv-qualification is ignored. An opaqueenum-declaration declaring an unscoped enumeration shall not omit the enum-base. The identifiers in an enumerator-list are declared as constants, and can appear wherever constants are required. An enumeratordefinition with = gives the associated enumerator the value indicated by the constant-expression. If the first enumerator has no initializer, the value of the corresponding constant is zero. An enumerator-definition without an initializer gives the enumerator the value obtained by increasing the value of the previous enumerator by one.

^{Emphasis mine}

So yes, if you do not specify a start value, it will default to 0.

I would really like to see an answer that confirms this for C++, but I'd also like to know if an ordinal 0 holds even if I specify a value in the middle of an enum:

This also works. It will start at 0 and increment up along the way. Then after the enum you assign the value to it will begin to increase by one from that value for subsequent enumerator.