Today while writing some Visual C++ code I have come across something which has surprised me. It seems C++ supports ++ (increment) for bool, but not -- (decrement). It this just a random decision, or there is some reason behind this?
This compiles:
static HMODULE hMod = NULL;
static bool once = false;
if (!once++)
hMod = LoadLibrary("xxx");
This does not:
static HMODULE hMod = NULL;
static bool once = true;
if (once--)
hMod = LoadLibrary("xxx");
Answer
It comes from the history of using integer values as booleans.
If x is an int, but I am using it as a boolean as per if(x)... then incrementing will mean that whatever its truth value before the operation, it will have a truth-value of true after it (barring overflow).
However, it's impossible to predict the result of -- given knowledge only of the truth value of x, as it could result in false (if the integral value is 1) or true (if the integral value is anything else - notably this includes 0 [false] and 2 or more [true]).
So as a short-hand ++ worked, and -- didn't.
++ is allowed on bools for compatibility with this, but its use is deprecated in the standard and it was removed in C++17.
This assumes that I only use x as an boolean, meaning that overflow can't happen until I've done ++ often enough to cause an overflow on it's own. Even with char as the type used and CHAR_BITS something low like 5, that's 32 times before this doesn't work any more (that's still argument enough for it being a bad practice, I'm not defending the practice, just explaining why it works) for a 32-bit int we of course would have to use ++ 2^32 times before this is an issue. With -- though it will only result in false if I started with a value of 1 for true, or started with 0 and used ++ precisely once before.
This is different if we start with a value that is just a few below 0. Indeed, in such a case we might want ++ to result in the false value eventually such as in:
int x = -5;
while(++x)
doSomething(x);
However, this example treats x as an int everywhere except the conditional, so it's equivalent to:
int x = -5;
while(++x != 0)
doSomething(x);
Which is different to only using x as a boolean.