Their are many links to go the other way round but I am unable to find to get a std::vector from a Eigen::Matrix or Eigen::VectorXd in my specific case.
You cannot typecast, but you can easily copy the data:
VectorXd v1;
v1 = ...;
vector<double> v2;
v2.resize(v1.size());
VectorXd::Map(&v2[0], v1.size()) = v1;