Flatten IEnumerable<IEnumerable<>>; understanding generics

Question

I wrote this extension method (which compiles):

public static IEnumerable<J> Flatten<T, J>(this IEnumerable<T> @this) 
                                           where T : IEnumerable<J>
{
    foreach (T t in @this)
        foreach (J j in t)
            yield return j;
}

The code below causes a compile time error (no suitable method found), why?:

IEnumerable<IEnumerable<int>> foo = new int[2][];
var bar = foo.Flatten();

If I implement the extension like below, I get no compile time error:

public static IEnumerable<J> Flatten<J>(this IEnumerable<IEnumerable<J>> @this)
{
    foreach (IEnumerable<J> js in @this)
        foreach (J j in js)
            yield return j;
}

Edit(2): This question I consider answered, but it raised another question regarding overload resolution and type constraints. This question I put here: Why aren't type constraints part of the method signature?

Answer 1

First, you don't need Flatten(); that method already exists, and is called SelectMany(). You can use it like this:

IEnumerable<IEnumerable<int>> foo = new [] { new[] {1, 2}, new[] {3, 4} };
var bar = foo.SelectMany(x => x); // bar is {1, 2, 3, 4}

Second, your first attempt doesn't work because generic type inference works only based on the arguments to the method, not generic constraints associated with the method. Since there is no argument that directly uses the J generic parameter, the type inference engine can't guess what J should be, and thus doesn't think that your method is a candidate.

It's edifying to see how SelectMany() gets around this: it requires an additional Func<TSource, TResult> argument. That allows the type inference engine to determine both generic types, since they are both available based solely on the arguments provided to the method.