Why is whitespace sometimes needed around metacharacters?

bash shell syntax syntax-error
spydon picture spydon · Jan 17, 2014 · Viewed 80k times · Source

A few months ago I tattooed a fork bomb on my arm, and I skipped the whitespaces, because I think it looks nicer without them. But to my dismay, sometimes (not always) when I run it in a shell it doesn't start a fork bomb, but it just gives a syntax error. 

bash: syntax error near unexpected token `{:'

Yesterday it happened when I tried to run it in a friend's Bash shell, and then I added the whitespace and it suddenly worked, :(){ :|:& };: instead of :(){:|:&};:

Does the whitespace matter; have I tattooed a syntax error on my arm?!

It seems to always work in zsh, but not in Bash.

A related question does not explain anything about the whitespaces, which really is my question; Why is the whitespace needed for Bash to be able to parse it correctly?

Answer

Dmitri Chubarov picture Dmitri Chubarov · Jan 17, 2014

There is a list of characters that separate tokens in BASH. These characters are called metacharacters and they are |, &, ;, (, ), <, >, space and tab. On the other hand, curly braces ({ and }) are just ordinary characters that make up words.

Omitting the second space before } will do, since & is a metacharacter. Therefore, your tattoo should have at least one space character.

:(){ :|:&};:

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