How are bearer tokens stored server-side in Web API 2?

Question

I am setting up bearer token authentication in Web API 2, and I don't understand how (or where) the bearer token is being stored server-side. Here is the relevant code:

Startup:

public partial class Startup
{
    public static OAuthAuthorizationServerOptions OAuthOptions { get; private set; }
    public static Func<UserManager<IdentityUser>> UserManagerFactory { get; set; }
    public static string PublicClientId { get; private set; }

    static Startup()
    {
        PublicClientId = "self";
        UserManagerFactory = () => new UserManager<IdentityUser>(new UserStore<IdentityUser>());
        OAuthOptions = new OAuthAuthorizationServerOptions
        {
            TokenEndpointPath = new PathString("/Token"),
            Provider = new ApplicationOAuthProvider(PublicClientId, UserManagerFactory),
            AuthorizeEndpointPath = new PathString("/api/Account/ExternalLogin"),
            AccessTokenExpireTimeSpan = TimeSpan.FromDays(14),
            AllowInsecureHttp = true
        };
    }

    public void ConfigureAuth(IAppBuilder app)
    {
        // Enable the application to use a cookie to store information for the signed in user
        app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions());

        // Use a cookie to temporarily store information about a user logging in with a third party login provider
        app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);

        app.UseOAuthBearerTokens(OAuthOptions);
    }
}

WebApiConfig:

public class WebApiConfig
{
    public static void ConfigureWebApi()
    {
        Register(GlobalConfiguration.Configuration);
    }

    public static void Register(HttpConfiguration http)
    {
        AuthUtil.ConfigureWebApiToUseOnlyBearerTokenAuthentication(http);
        http.Routes.MapHttpRoute("ActionApi", "api/{controller}/{action}", new {action = Actions.Default});
    }
}

AuthUtil:

public class AuthUtil
{
    public static string Token(string email)
    {
        var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(Startup.OAuthOptions.AuthenticationType);
        identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, email));
        var ticket = new AuthenticationTicket(identity, new AuthenticationProperties());
        var currentUtc = new SystemClock().UtcNow;
        ticket.Properties.IssuedUtc = currentUtc;
        ticket.Properties.ExpiresUtc = currentUtc.Add(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30));
        var token = Startup.OAuthOptions.AccessTokenFormat.Protect(ticket);
        return token;
    }

    public static void ConfigureWebApiToUseOnlyBearerTokenAuthentication(HttpConfiguration http)
    {
        http.SuppressDefaultHostAuthentication();
        http.Filters.Add(new HostAuthenticationFilter(OAuthDefaults.AuthenticationType));
    }
}

LoginController:

public class LoginController : ApiController
{
    ...

    public HttpResponseMessage Post([FromBody] LoginJson loginJson)
    {
        HttpResponseMessage loginResponse;
        if (/* is valid login */)
        {
            var accessToken = AuthUtil.Token(loginJson.email);
            loginResponse = /* HTTP response including accessToken */;
        }
        else
        {
            loginResponse = /* HTTP response with error */;
        }
        return loginResponse;
    }
}

Using the above code, I'm able to login and store the bearer token client-side in a cookie, and then make calls to controllers marked with [Authorize] and it lets me in.

My questions are:

1. Where / how is the bearer token being stored server-side? It seems like this is hapenning through one of the OWIN calls but I can't tell where.

2. Is it possible to persist the bearer tokens to a database server-side so that they can remain in place after a Web API server restart?

3. If the answer to #2 is no, is there anyway for a client to maintain its bearer token and re-use it even after the Web API goes down and comes back up? While this may be rare in Production, it can happen quite often doing local testing.

Answer 1

1. They're not stored server side -- they're issued to the client and the client presents them on each call. They're verified because they're signed by the owin host's protection key. In SystemWeb hosting, that protection key is the machineKey setting from web.config.

2. That's unnecessary, as long as the protection key the owin host uses doesn't change across server restarts.

3. A client can hold onto a token for as long as the token is valid.