I'm trying to come up with a PostgreSQL schema for host data that's currently in an LDAP store. Part of that data is the list of hostnames a machine can have, and that attribute is generally the key that most people use to find the host records.
One thing I'd like to get out of moving this data to an RDBMS is the ability to set a uniqueness constraint on the hostname column so that duplicate hostnames can't be assigned. This would be easy if hosts could only have one name, but since they can have more than one it's more complicated.
I realize that the fully-normalized way to do this would be to have a hostnames table with a foreign key pointing back to the hosts table, but I'd like to avoid having everybody need to do joins for even the simplest query:
select hostnames.name,hosts.*
from hostnames,hosts
where hostnames.name = 'foobar'
and hostnames.host_id = hosts.id;
I figured using PostgreSQL arrays could work for this, and they certainly make the simple queries simple:
select * from hosts where names @> '{foobar}';
When I set a uniqueness constraint on the hostnames attribute, though, it of course treats the entire list of names as the unique value instead of each name. Is there a way to make each name unique across every row instead?
If not, does anyone know of another data-modeling approach that would make more sense?
You might want to reconsider normalizing your schema. It is not necessary for everyone to "join for even the simplest query". Create a VIEW
for that.
Table could look like this:
CREATE TABLE hostname (
hostname_id serial PRIMARY KEY
, host_id int REFERENCES host(host_id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
, hostname text UNIQUE
);
The surrogate primary key hostname_id
is optional. I prefer to have one. In your case hostname
could be the primary key. But many operations are faster with a simple, small integer
key. Create a foreign key constraint to link to the table host
.
Create a view like this:
CREATE VIEW v_host AS
SELECT h.*
, array_agg(hn.hostname) AS hostnames
-- , string_agg(hn.hostname, ', ') AS hostnames -- text instead of array
FROM host h
JOIN hostname hn USING (host_id)
GROUP BY h.host_id; -- works in v9.1+
Starting with pg 9.1, the primary key in the GROUP BY
covers all columns of that table in the SELECT
list. The release notes for version 9.1:
Allow non-
GROUP BY
columns in the query target list when the primary key is specified in theGROUP BY
clause
Queries can use the view like a table. Searching for a hostname will be much faster this way:
SELECT *
FROM host h
JOIN hostname hn USING (host_id)
WHERE hn.hostname = 'foobar';
Provided you have an index on host(host_id)
, which should be the case as it should be the primary key. Plus, the UNIQUE
constraint on hostname(hostname)
implements the other needed index automatically.
In Postgres 9.2+ a multicolumn index would be even better if you can get an index-only scan out of it:
CREATE INDEX hn_multi_idx ON hostname (hostname, host_id);
Starting with Postgres 9.3, you could use a MATERIALIZED VIEW
, circumstances permitting. Especially if you read much more often than you write to the table.
If I can't convince you of the righteous path, I'll assist on the dark side, too. I am flexible. :)
Here is a demo how to enforce uniqueness of hostnames. I use a table hostname
to collect hostnames and a trigger on the table host
to keep it up to date. Unique violations raise an exception and abort the operation.
CREATE TABLE host(hostnames text[]);
CREATE TABLE hostname(hostname text PRIMARY KEY); -- pk enforces uniqueness
Trigger function:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trg_host_insupdelbef()
RETURNS trigger AS
$func$
BEGIN
-- split UPDATE into DELETE & INSERT
IF TG_OP = 'UPDATE' THEN
IF OLD.hostnames IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.hostnames THEN -- keep going
ELSE RETURN NEW; -- exit, nothing to do
END IF;
END IF;
IF TG_OP IN ('DELETE', 'UPDATE') THEN
DELETE FROM hostname h
USING unnest(OLD.hostnames) d(x)
WHERE h.hostname = d.x;
IF TG_OP = 'DELETE' THEN RETURN OLD; -- exit, we are done
END IF;
END IF;
-- control only reaches here for INSERT or UPDATE (with actual changes)
INSERT INTO hostname(hostname)
SELECT h
FROM unnest(NEW.hostnames) h;
RETURN NEW;
END
$func$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Trigger:
CREATE TRIGGER host_insupdelbef
BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF hostnames ON host
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trg_host_insupdelbef();
SQL Fiddle with test run.
Use a GIN index on the array column host.hostnames
and array operators to work with it: