Comparing object graph representation to adjacency list and matrix representations

Question

I'm currently following Steve Yegge's advice on preparing for a technical programming interview: http://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2008/03/get-that-job-at-google.html

In his section on Graphs, he states:

There are three basic ways to represent a graph in memory (objects and pointers, matrix, and adjacency list), and you should familiarize yourself with each representation and its pros and cons.

The pros and cons of matrix and adjacency list representations are described in CLRS, but I haven't been able to find a resource that compares these to an object representation.

Just by thinking about it, I can infer some of this myself, but I'd like to make sure I haven't missed something important. If someone could describe this comprehensively, or point me to a resource which does so, I would greatly appreciate it.

Answer 1

objects and pointers

These are just basic datastructures like hammar said in the other answer, in Java you would represent this with classes like edges and vertices. For example an edge connects two vertices and can either be directed or undirected and it can contain a weight. A vertex can have an ID, name etc. Mostly both of them have additional properties. So you can construct your graph with them like

Vertex a = new Vertex(1);
Vertex b = new Vertex(2);
Edge edge = new Edge(a,b, 30); // init an edge between ab and be with weight 30  

This approach is commonly used for object oriented implementations, since it is more readable and convenient for object oriented users ;).

matrix

A matrix is just a simple 2 dimensional array. Assuming you have vertex ID's that can be represented as an int array like this:

int[][] adjacencyMatrix = new int[SIZE][SIZE]; // SIZE is the number of vertices in our graph
adjacencyMatrix[0][1] = 30; // sets the weight of a vertex 0 that is adjacent to vertex 1

This is commonly used for dense graphs where index access is necessary. You can represent a un/directed and weighted structure with this.

adjacency list

This is just a simple datastructure mix, I usually implement this using a HashMap<Vertex, List<Vertex>>. Similar used can be the HashMultimap in Guava.

This approach is cool, because you have O(1) (amortized) vertex lookup and it returns me a list of all adjacent vertices to this particular vertex I demanded.

ArrayList<Vertex> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(new Vertex(2));
list.add(new Vertex(3));
map.put(new Vertex(1), list); // vertex 1 is adjacent to 2 and 3

This is used for representing sparse graphs, if you are applying at Google, you should know that the webgraph is sparse. You can deal with them in a more scalable way using a BigTable.

Oh and BTW, here is a very good summary of this post with fancy pictures ;)